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Hello, I'm Erica Kelly from the podcast Southern Fried True crime, and if you want to go from podcast fan to podcast host, do what I did and check out spreaker from iheart. I was working in accounting and hating it. Then after just 18 months of podcasting with Spreaker, I was able to quit my day job. Follow your podcasting dreams, let's break or handle the hosting, creation, distribution, and monetization of your podcast. Go to spreaker.com. That's spreaker.com. Hey there, it's Ebony Monet, your co-host for the San Diego Zoo's Amazing Wildlife podcast. In this special episode, we're speaking with Doctor Jane Goodall about the fascinating journey that led to her impactful behavioural discoveries on chimpanzees. It wasn't until one of the chimpanzees began to lose his fear of me, but I began to really make discoveries that actually shook the scientific world. Survive on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. In the 1980s and 90s, a psychopath terrorized the country of Belgium. A serial killer and kidnapper was abducting children in the bright light of day. From Tenderfoot TV and iHeartRadio, this is La Monstra, a story of abomination and conspiracy. The story about the man who simply become known as. Lamaster. Listen for free on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey there, I'm Jess malady. Confetti here. Hi, I'm psyche and I'm hey shady lady and welcome to Boss Level podcast where we feature conversations with gas soup leveled up, bringing an XP boost to the table. We pick the brains of professionals, creators and bosses and industries across the globe to help our listeners achieve their own boss level. We are not just creating a podcast, but a gamified and engaged community. Listen to boss level on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Raised by wolves, the podcast is back for season 2. I'm Holly Fry, and as host of the companion podcast to the hit HBO Max sci-fi series raised by Wolves, I am unwrapping the latest season of this cosmic space opera for fans by talking directly to some of the incredibly talented folks who helped bring the show to life. Stream, raised by wolves now on HBO Max and SUBSCRIBE and listen to raised by Wolves, the podcast on the iHeartRadio app, HBO Max, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. OK, recording. You have a story to tell and maybe you've thought I should start a podcast. Meet anchor. It's a powerful app that lets you record a podcast anywhere and get it heard everywhere. All you need to do is download the free anchor app and hit record. Just go to anchor dot FM slash get started. Make a podcast with anchor. That's anchor dot FM slash get started. Great. I think we got it. Hey, everybody, Robert Evans here, and I wanted to let you know, this is a compilation episode, so every episode of the week that just happened is here in one convenient and with somewhat less ads package for you to listen to in a long stretch, if you want. If you've been listening to the episodes every day this week, there's going to be nothing new here for you, but you can make your own decisions. Hey everyone, I'm Robert Evans and this is Myanmar printing the revolution. It's and it could happen here, special mini series, an in-depth documentary investigation with me and journalist James Stout. Over the next four days, you're going to learn about the jinsy militias of the Myanmar Civil War, 3D printed weapons, and a bunch of other really fascinating stuff besides. So without any further ado, here's James. Ever since the first person built, the first fence took land from everybody in annexet to themselves. Property rights and violence have gone hand in hand. With property grew the state, and with the state came the police. Today, most of us grew up under the control of States and they're so ubiquitous that their violence is often overlooked until a particularly egregious incident occurs. But all states, even the most benign, rest on a monopoly on violence. Straight to the entities that imposed laws on a given area, and if you break those laws, the state can beat you up, lock you up, or shoot you up. When the state loses a monopoly on violence, it ceases to be able to enforce its laws, charges, taxes, and enforce its will on the people it rules. We've seen this all over the world, from the Democratic Republic of Congo to, briefly, downtown Seattle. Our state in the USA speaks a language of rights and liberties. When we want to appeal to the state, we tend to use that language. Even though our state, as we saw in 2020, is backed by plenty of violence, as much as any other goes a long way to camouflage that violence, some states are a bit more mask off. They speak to their citizens more or less exclusively through violence, and when citizens need to respond to that state, they respond to the language it uses to speak to them. That's how a teenager from Yangon, Myanmar ended up on Reddit in summer of 2021 asking strangers how to use a 3D printer and computer to make a rifle. Myanmar isn't a country that's on the radar for most of the US, if it is at all, it's probably because of state Councilor and Foreign Minister Aung San Suchi. She managed perhaps the history's fastest pivot from Nobel Peace Prize winner to head of a government accused of genocide. But Suki is in jail now, and the Rohingya, the Muslim ethnic group that the military attempted to eliminate from the east of the country under her rule, are just one of many ethnic and political groups. They're in open, armed conflict with the military, who now hold. Control of the Government of Myanmar. Known locally as a tap mador, the military seized power in early 2021. You might have seen a video of a woman doing an aerobics workout as the vehicles rolled in behind her to seize power. Ever since that day, they've been committing crimes against humanity all over the country. Myanmar has a longer history of dictatorship than democracy. The British East India Company occupied the area that now represents a country in the 19th century. As always, they talked about civilizing missions and freedoms. But in practice, the occupation was extractive and only benefited the Anglo Burmese and a few Indian civil servants they brought with them. Often, but it's Monk fled the resistance that manifested itself in hunger strikes and everyday acts of disobedience. Small ways of saying no. In a few instances, it became open and unrest spilled into the streets. The country became a major battleground in the Second World War, with Japan invading and seizing the country before Allied forces took it back in a fierce campaign in 1944, as many as 150,000 Japanese troops died. Burmese people fought on both sides. Aung San Aung San Suki's father, demanded that Britain grant him and his fellow Burmese people independence if they fought for the Allies. The British refused. Unsun then went first to China and eventually Japan for support and eventually he fought against the British with his Burma Independence Army. But after two years of occupation, Aung San and his comrades changed sides under a broad alliance called the Anti Fascist Organization. They turned on the Japanese and they once again took up arms to liberate their country. On the 4th of January 1947 Burma became an independent Republic. The New Republic's territory combined 3 British territories and over 100 distinct ethnic groups. For the next 14 years, these groups struggled to find a democratic Burma and an identity for themselves within it. Mostly, they failed. The period was characterized by the Chinese Civil War spilling into Burma's ethnic armed insurgencies and repeated demands for a Federal Republic with a weak central government. In 1962, the military irrated new demands for a Federal Republic staged a coup. Burma spent the next 22 years under the military rule of a council. Pursuing what they called the Burmese way to socialism. Burma's planned economy left it largely isolated from the rest of the world. At home, the press was censored. No type of nationalism that combined nominal socialism and Burma and ethnic identity became the official state ideology. During this. Burma became one of the world's poorest countries. Sporadic protests were met with overwhelming force. And the 8th of August 1988, an uprising began. It started among the students in Yangon, but it took root quickly around the country. The so-called 8888 uprising, because of the date, began with a general strike and huge nonviolent protests. These were met with gunfire. Protesters fought back with Molotov cocktails and rocks. The military fired into hospitals and by September 18th they'd launched a coup to take the country from a one party state back to a military dictatorship. With your in these protests, Aung San Su Qi, the daughter of independence here at Ansan, emerged as a national figurehead, especially in the West. Amitav Ghosh, the Indian writer, wrote the following about 8888. Across Burma, people poured out in thousands to join the protests, not just students, but also teachers, monks, children, professionals and trade unionists of every shade. It was on this day, too, that the hunter made its first determined attempt at repression. Soldiers opened fire on the demonstrators and hundreds of unarmed marchers were killed. The killings continued for a week, but still the demonstrators continued to flood the streets. After the uprising, had been suppressed. Multi party elections were later held. While their new National League for Democracy Party avang Song Sukhi won the most votes, the Hunter refused to cede power. Protests continued off and on for decades with the 2007 Saffron Revolution, in which the government violently cracked down on monks, resulting in the most international condemnation following the Saffron Revolution, the government's isolationism hindering aid. After extensive cyclone damage in 2008, the military government finally implemented the road map to discipline, flourishing democracy that had developed in 1993. If you're wondering about the name of the country, this officially changed in 1989 as well, but like much of the nation's history. A grand proclamation from the government didn't mean much on the ground. Both words derive from baramma, a name that the majority ethnic group who we're calling German here used for themselves. Many opposition groups still use Burma instead of Myanmar. It's another small way of saying no to the military's attempt to control every aspect of their lives. Finally, on the 18th of September, the army took to the streets in a coup led by their chief of staff, General Sarmoung. The next day, the killings began again. The army later described these people as looters. It was not until 2011 that the military junta finally stepped down and passed on power to the Union Solidarity and Development Party in an election that was widely seen as fraudulent. A year later Aung San Su Chi was released and by 2015 her National League for Democracy won an absolute majority. While she was barred from holding the presidential office, she took on the role of state councillor and Myanmar entered a period of liberalization. Which, although never the federal democracy promised when the country gained its independence in 1947, allowed for significant freedoms of communication and speech, especially for the Burman majority ethnic group. Not everyone was reconciled to the change. Many of Myanmar's 135 ethnic groups feel marginalized by the state, which tends to be dominated by the Burman ethnicity. Some of these groups have armed insurgent wings, often more than one per ethnic group. As they disagree on politics or religion. These groups have fought various Burmese. Government since the 1940s, but many of them reached a ceasefire with the government as the country passed from military to civilian rule. One group, however, saw a huge uptick in violence. The Rohingya ethnic group have been persecuted by Buddhist nationals since the 1970s, but the campaign against them increased in violence and scale in 2016, when the top medal began a huge crackdown against Rohingya people in Rakhine State. The persecution began in response to attacks by the Arcan Rohingya Salvation Army on Burmese border outposts. But the campaign that followed had nothing to do with the small insurgent group, and a lot to do with the desire of the Tatmadaw to destroy or drive out all Rohingya people, who they claim are undocumented migrants from Bangladesh and not citizens of Myanmar. While the world praised Suki, her government looked the other way as the military carried out a genocide that displaced over 1,000,000 people and killed 10s of thousands. It was in the context of growing international condemnation of the genocide that Myanmar went to the polls in November of 2020. The November 2020 election was only the nation's second since the official end of military rule on San Suchi's National League for Democracy won a resounding victory. The military backed union solidarity and Development Party holds 25% of seats under a constitution that Suichi wanted to change. It didn't take defeat well. The election was neither perfectly free nor fair. The Rohingya have been almost wholly disenfranchised. The government claims they are illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and thus unable to vote. Areas with ethnic armed organizations which oppose the government often had polls cancelled and Internet cut off. According to Human Rights Watch, the Carter Center estimates that 1.4 million citizens couldn't vote. The one opposition party that was certainly not shortchanged was the militaries. However, it was the Union Solidarity and Development Party US DP which had been calling for election delays due to COVID before polls opened. Once the elections concluded, they immediately began questioning the results. They continued to attempt to undermine the vote for months before they resorted to force. On the 1st of February 2021, the day before the newly elected legislators were due to be sworn in. The world largely ignored the situation, apart from the one viral video where a masked fitness instructor dances in the foreground as a PC's roll through a roadblock and into the parliament complex behind her. On Sang Suchi was arrested, charged with breaching COVID-19 restrictions. And illegally importing a walkie-talkie. And General Min Aung Lang was installed at the head of a military junta. If this sounds a little like a stop the steel fantasy, that's because it is eerily similar to 1. Myanmar's democracy is not what academics call a consolidated 1, which is to say that democracy has never been the only game in town there. But the United States seems to be rapidly de consolidating its own democracy. The allegations of election fraud in Myanmar were no more credible than those in Arizona, however. The military's. Tradition of political engagement there removed many of the barriers in between electoral defeat and the death of a short lived democracy. Within 24 hours of the coup, the people of Myanmar had fought back. Health care workers and civil servants were on strike by February 3rd and a boycott of junta owned businesses had begun. Protests began with a handful of people. The memories of massacres of pro democracy protesters in the 1980s kept many away, but a younger generation who had grown up with relative liberty, Internet access and basic freedoms had not seen blood. In the streets, like their parents, they had seen activists in Hong Kong, the USA and Ukraine take on violent state apparatuses, and they often seen them win. By the 6th of February. 20,000 people were in the streets of Yangon, the largest city, and the Internet was shut down nationwide. Protests began peacefully with memorable signs like my ex is bad but the military is worse and we are protesting peacefully but with the WAP capitalized. So it said WAP. These signs were designed by generation of kids who grew up with access to the Internet to attract international attention. Despite the ban, they used VPNs to show him due to their struggle. Once inbred you've messed with the wrong generation, now we'll never be allowed to ruin our own lives. The Tatmadaw showed its cards pretty quickly. Police began the suppression with slingshots and clubs, then tear gas and flash bang, and quickly they moved to rifles and rocket propelled grenades. By the 9th of February myth way, Thway Heine, a 20 year old woman, had been shot in the street. Still here? What did you do? Soon those young protesters have switched sides for Shields. By the mid March and Armed Forces Day, 114 civilians were killed in a single day, including 65 in Yangon, who were kettled by police, surrounded and then shot. Quickly, shield walls were set up, medics identified themselves in the protest movement, and hard hats and goggles were distributed. But this didn't tip the balance of power in their favour. So all in a former student Union Leader was there from the start and the text message he told me I did not miss a single day. As a member of the Kaya State National Strike Committee, I later became more involved in anti authoritarian protests. In the early protests, you see him in photos, walking in the front of the group carrying flags and banners, with his student ID card on a lanyard around his neck. But by March, he's wearing a black shirt, goggles and a hard construction hat. Meanwhile, the National League for Democracy politicians who had escaped detention joined other parties and set up a national unity government in April. The National Unity government contains members of the National League for Democracy, but significantly, Rohingya activist was appointed an adviser in the Ministry of Human Rights, and the National Unity Government has announced it would for the first time accept the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court with respect to all international crimes committed in Myanmar since 2002. This would include the Rohingya genocide. By May, both the national unity government and swollen had realized that no amount of nonviolent protest was going to dislodge a regime. There was happy to gun down kids in the street. So on the 5th of May he left for the jungle. That same day, the national Unity government announced the formation of the People's Defence Force, or PDF. Within a month, 800 soldiers had affected to these Pro Democracy guerrilla units. Many bought their guns with them. That's why I didn't join the PDF. Instead, he joined one of Myanmar's many ethnic armed organizations, groups opposed to a central state and its domination by the Burman ethnicity. To understand these groups, you need to understand that Myanmar is composed of dozens, not hundreds, of ethnic groups, but that the Burman who make up about 2/3 of the population have always controlled the state and used it as a tool in furthering their interest. Some of these groups, like the Korean National Liberation Army and the Kachina Independence Army, have been fighting for decades since the country emerged from British colonial rule at the end of World War Two. All of these groups draw on a combination of ethnic and political grievances. Many of them administer semiautonomous territories, like the Korean state. In 2013, thirteen ethnic armed organizations or CEO's came together to form the nationwide ceasefire coordinating team in CCT and signed an 11 point common position of ethnic resistance organizations on national ceasefire, where the Lisa Agreement. Most of them seem to agree that they would accept a federal system rather than complete autonomy. In 2015, a ceasefire was signed, but conflict between. Stick armed organizations and between EAOS and the government continued. Since the coup began, EEO membership has skyrocketed, and in October the National Unity government announced alliances with several groups under a central chain of command. Some political organizations who played a part in the 1988 uprising, like the All Burma Students Democratic Front, have been revived as armed groups. The ABS DF recently attacked Tatmadaw ships using an RPG. Attacks on military bases have also stepped up. PDF units have ambushed and killed policemen and raided police and military outposts. Each time they do, they steal valuable weapons and ammunition. The top medal has responded with shellings and air strikes against residential areas, executions, mass physical retribution and the murdering of civilians and aid workers and burning of their bodies. As a result of all this, ethnic armed organizations have joined forces with anti authoritarian Berman people under the auspices of the People's Defense Forces which are under the command of the exiled. National unity government. We have never experienced such kind of brutalities from the military as well as a strong resistance from the people. They try to make sure the whole country submit to them, but we still refuse to allow them to be our rulers. This defiance has led to the formation of the Peoples defense forces, or PDF, a coalition of thousands of resistance fighters were carrying out surprise attacks on Hunter checkpoints, bombing army convoys and supporting ethnic armies in their fight against the regime. 12 months ago, these men and women were students in office workers protesting the coup. They they're training to overthrow the military. Being a soldier is a tough choice, but the young people Mint Mobile offers premium wireless starting at just 15 bucks a month. And now for the plot twist. Nope, there isn't one. Mint Mobile just has premium wireless from 15 bucks a month. There's no trapping you into a two year contract. You're opening the bill to find all these nuts fees. There's no luring you in with free subscriptions or streaming services that you'll forget to cancel and then be charged full price for. None of that. For anyone who hates their phone Bill, Mint Mobile offers premium wireless for just $15. 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I think his suffering drove him to try to alleviate suffering. And the shocking discovery I made where I faced the consequences of writing a book I thought would help people? Isn't that funny? It's not funny at all. It's depressing. Very depressing. Revisionist history is back with more. Listen to revisionist history on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. I've never seen less enthusiasm for a great idea in my life. They are ready to defend the communities. They have to, of course, sacrifice their own daily life, ordinary life. Since March of 2020, the influx of new recruits has changed these groups. Generation Z militias like the Karenni Ginz Liberation Army have sprung up. Founded by kids who were holding memeable signs at protests just a few months earlier, they care less about ethnic independence and more about beating the junta. Many Berman kids join these groups, these organizations of young. Fighters received training from the experienced guerrillas hiding in the jungle, but they tended to adopt A less top down military structure and armed themselves by scavenging whatever weapons they could find, often 22 caliber rifles better suited to shooting squirrels than soldiers. It was these kids who grew up online and knew that there was nothing you couldn't learn about on Reddit who tipped the balance of force away from the state. Unlike the ethnic armed organizations and other more experienced guerrillas in Myanmar, these kids have little military experience. There were organizations have few rules. And regulations. They're made-up entirely of young people. As a result, there are certain things that they're less proficient at, but they're much better at things like grasping the use of new technologies, which has led to Myanmar being the first country in the world where 3D printed weapons have taken part in a revolution against the government. We're going to hear more about that and many other things as this series continues. Hey there. I'm Jess malady. Confetti here. Hi, I'm psyche and I'm he shady lady. And welcome to Boss Level Podcast, where we feature conversations with gas stove leveled up, bringing an XP boost to the table. That was always my response was like, I am like a Unicorn here, right? Like, because there's not a lot of, like, out of the closet female gamers. Not to say there's not female gamers. I know a lot of them. There's a lot. But like, it was like a battlefield. They're like. This is our cool boys club and you can't be here and I'm like, no, sorry honey, this is a very dark corner and I'm a lot of light and I'm coming right into this corner. We pick the brains of professionals, creators and bosses and industries across the globe to help our listeners achieve their own boss level. We are not just creating a podcast, but a gamified and engaged community. Listen to boss level on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hi, I'm Katie Lowe's. You might also know me as Quinn Perkins from Scandal or Rachel from inventing Anna. I'm also a mother to my son Alby and my daughter Vera. I wanted to create a space for open and honest conversations about all things parenting and I thought a podcast was the best way to do just that. Check out season five of my podcast Katie's crib. It is super raw, vulnerable, and hilarious. Katie's crib in no way shape form. Is judgmental or telling you exactly how to parent or exactly how you should be? I think it really just makes you feel less alone and gives you a community. We're going deep with guests like inventing Annas, Anna, club ski, how to get away with murders, Asia, Naomi King, and yes, sometimes my son Ali when he bursts into my studio, so that's cool. Listen to Katie's crib every Thursday on the iHeartRadio app Apple podcasts forever. You get your podcasts. On the art of Accomplishment podcast, we love anxiety, anger, sadness, and selfishness. Most people do everything they can to get rid of these emotions, but nothing makes them go away. We, however, welcome them because they give us a healthy advantage if we know how to interpret their signals. Listen to the art of Accomplishment podcast on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts to understand yourself and be who you were meant to be. Hey everybody, I'm Robert Evans and this is Myanmar rinting the Revolution Part 2. Since the dawn of firearms, regular people all over the world have had the same basic idea. Maybe if I made myself a gun, the government wouldn't be able to be such * **** to me. Historically, this has had little impact on the willingness of governments to be ***** to people. In the beginning, all gun manufacturing was done by individual artisans and thus making a gun in your home. There's really no different from making it in a shop as long as you had the proper tools. Guns in this. Weren't super useful on their own and were best fired in a volley by a **** load of dudes at once. Since individual firearms were extremely inaccurate and cumbersome to use. The fact that some poor blacksmith could make himself one wasn't much of a threat to anybody in power. It did mean that battlefield prowess came from large blocks of trained soldiers, not few Lords on horseback rallying untrained peasants. This change in technology led to a change in warfare. And help to change society. As firearms evolved and became the central weapons of battle, they required more intense tooling and more expensive manufacturing capacity. Nations and peoples without the know how or infrastructure were at a tremendous disadvantage as soon as the situation came into being, these unfortunate communities set to work, finding ways to gain the advantages of firearms without the manufacturing capacity their foes enjoyed. Indigenous cannons and regions resisting imperialism often consisted of composite materials. Less sturdy than bronze or iron, in the 1600s and 1700s, Indigenous Americans and South America used wooden cannons to fight against Spanish and Portuguese conquerors. The Vietnamese used wooden cannons to resist the French during the coach in China Campaign of 1862. American Indians used wooden artillery to blast settler fortifications. In the 1700s and 1800s, in the months that led up to the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, the men who fought to create the United States busied themselves building rifles and cannons in their homes. Communities to resist the English this trend has never really stopped in warfare. The day before we recorded this, James, my partner in this series, sent me a screen grab from a live stream of someone in Ukraine printing pieces for AK-40 sevens on a 3D printer. Firearms manufactured outside the arms industry have played a role in every conflict of the modern era, but as you've probably guessed, they have had the greatest influence in the little wars of colonialism. European nations rarely allowed any sort of firearms. Ownership in their colonies, except the individuals and ethnic groups that adopted as local enforcers. Since most of these places had never developed their own industrial base for an arms industry, colonial rebellions often relied on homemade weapons in their early stages, along with modern firearms pilfered by deserting local soldiers. Where domestic productive capacity existed, European colonizing nations went out of their way to relocate it, along with the profit it generated to the metropole. All were reflected on this in his novel Burmese days, saying in the 18th century the Indians cast guns that were at any rate up to the European standard. Now, after we've been in India 150 years, you can't make so much as a brass cartridge case in the whole continent. Meanwhile, among the colonisers, being armed became almost a synonym for being a man. This was particularly true for the colonial police forces and militaries. But it was also true domestically. Most people are broadly familiar with the US Second Amendment, the robust gun culture that spawned. But you're in the height of colonialism. English citizens are also free to Ireland themselves. In 1900, Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne Cecil. Markey, of Salisbury, gave a speech in which he claimed he would Lord the day when there was a rifle in every cottage in England. Firearms were utterly and restricted at this point. The first change to this. Came in 1903 with the first law that required a permit to carry a handgun and restricted children from buying guns. Still, firearms were widely available until a red panic gripped the nation in 1919 following the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. Across the ocean in Spain, where firearms ownership was less strictly restricted, where all well himself would learn what it was to fire a rifle at someone who shot back, Arab unions and working people served as the only bulwark to a military coup in 1936. In Madrid, one officer opened his Armory to the union militias, but another refused to hand over for the bolts for the guns they had been issued. In Barcelona, where the anarchists left had a long tradition of armed political violence, the coup was repelled by workers with guns. And the general leading troops there was imprisoned and executed. The same pattern played out all across the country. In July 1936, when the military rose up to topple the elected government. In the cities where the government opened the armories to the people, the coup was repelled. In the cities where the government did not, the coup succeeded. Reflecting on this in 1941 or worldwide, the totalitarian state can do great things, but there is one thing they cannot do. They cannot give the factory worker a rifle and tell them to take it home and keep it in his bedroom. That rifle on the wall of the labourers cottage or working class flat, is a symbol of democracy. It's a job to see that it stays there. Despite Orwell's pleas, the years that followed the Second World War led to greater restrictions of the ability of the public to arm itself. By the 1950s, carrying any weapon for self-defense was illegal. Semi Automatic center firearms were banned in 1988, and pistols were banned in 1996 after a mass shooting killed 16 children. And Dunblane. This was all utterly. Infuriating to a man named Philip, A Luty, Luty, born in 1965, grew up on a farm in West Yorkshire, England. We don't have a tremendous amount of detail about his upbringing, but by the time he was in his early 30s he'd become a committed crusader for an unrestricted right to bear arms. A skilled machinist with a well equipped shop, ludy began the long process of learning how to craft homemade firearms. Soon he was building semi and fully automatic weapons. Now, these were not military grade firearms. The barrels were unrifled, which made them terribly inaccurate, but every piece could be crafted from widely available things like sheet metal washers and screws. The person assembling a loaded gun would need to be a skilled Craftsman, but they would not need access to welding rigs, forges, or rather expensive industrial equipment. Ludi published a book, expedient homemade firearms, the 9 millimeter submachine gun, in 1998 through Paladin Press. In the late 1990s, Paladin was one of the places you could go to mail order, fringe political literature, and guides for stuff like trapping human beings or disabling the drive system of an Abrams tank in the United States. Nothing about Rudy's book was or is illegal, but Phil didn't live in the United States. He was arrested several times starting in the late 1990s when a pair of illegal home built guns were found on his property. Ludy spent the rest of his life, which ended in 2011, operating a website where he raged. Against gun control, his main argument was that England was headed for totalitarianism and like Orwell, he believed only public ownership of arms could prevent this. Unlike Orwell, Ludy was firmly on the right wing. He traced society's problems to quote a combination of political correctness and anti freedom of speech laws, legislation governing how we speak about such subjects as religion or a person's race being just two examples. Words and phrases that have been used for centuries without malice are now. And sip it in people's mouths and said to cause offence by those very same speech police who on the other hand turned a blind eye to the violence, foul language and sexual references blasted daily through our TV sets, a phenomenon that really does cause offence to many people. Ludy never succeeded in sparking a renaissance and civilian arms ownership in the UK, but his ideas were adopted by organized criminal groups all around the world. In Brazil, ludy guns can go for as much as $2500. From 2011 to 2012, nearly half of the submachine guns seized by police in Sao Paulo were homemade. Most of these arms were certainly used as tools by drug dealers or other gangsters, but some of them were surely also the tools of citizens who simply sought a way to defend themselves. In a place with no real rule of law. Ludy guns have long been popular among motorcycle gangs in Australia, and in October of 2019, a fascist terrorist carried out the last of that year's 8 Chan shootings in Holla, Germany, with a loaded gun. His weapons, thankfully, did not work well. As a general rule, ludy guns were never going to be of much use to anyone besides organized criminals. They aren't great in a gun fight, but you can use them to spray bullets into a room or a vehicle at close range pretty well. The year after Phil Looty died, 2012, a fellow named Cody Wilson decided to carry on his work. Cody felt 3D printing carried the possibility of eventually manufacturing arms of a quality that might rival traditionally produced guns. He started simple with a single shot 380 handgun based around the old Liberator pistol from World War Two. The Liberator had been a single shot 45 caliber handgun meant to be dropped into Nazi occupied territories and used by insurgents to stealthily kill single German soldiers and take their guns. Cody Wilson described himself as a crypto anarchist, and when his ideas began to draw attention, he dropped out of law school to create defense distributed. This organization was dedicated to the development and distribution of plans to craft 3D printed weapons. It used a platform called Death CAD to allow users to develop and share blueprints. In 2013, the first CAD gun file became available online to everyone. It was downloaded more than 100,000 times in two days. I'd like to quote now from an article on the website. 3D natives. This prompted the US government to demand that defense distributed remove the file from their site. What followed is a legal battle between Cody Wilson and the US government, consisting of back and forth lawsuits. It lasted five years until in 2018 the Trump administration legalized 3D printed guns. The same year, Wilson was charged with sexual assault of an underage girl and had to step down from defense distributed. Nonetheless, the organization did not cease to exist without Cody. Today, for a yearly fee of $50.00, users of the Deaf CAD website can access the files containing different designs. Of 3D printed guns. And I should note here that it's probably more accurate to say the Trump administration legalized sharing the plans and printing the files and whatnot of 3D printed guns, not legalized 3D printed guns. Homemade firearms have been federally legal in the United States since forever. The fighting in the courts over all this has continued ever since, and in 2019 a federal judge in Seattle temporarily blocked death CAD. This sparked the creation of a new group, deterrence dispensed, which was even less centralized. The basic idea was that this would make them harder to take down via lawsuits or police action. Not stated was that this might also protect their reputation from a Cody Wilson situation. The debate over the legality of 3D printed firearm plans continues on to the present day, but the development of these arms has continued. An ever faster pace, the best modern 3D printed arms can even rival conventional guns. It's worth emphasizing that these are not purely plastic tools. The Liberator pistol used a metal nail, and the better 3D arms have metal barrels rifled using other craft methods that require some know how, but arguably less than it took to manufacture a looty gun. 3D printed arms have been confiscated by police around the world, but in recent months they've begun to crop up somewhere new in the arms of revolutionaries fighting against a military coup. Myanmar Burma before that said relatively strict gun control laws for decades. When George Orwell was a policeman there in the 1920s, he may have carried a gun. But the people he was policing did not. In the 1930s, the British leaders allowed TAT organisations similar to militias to form and drill, but they weren't allowed to carry guns. Gun licences under the dictatorship were issued primarily to party members, but most were revoked after 1988 failed Pro Democracy uprising. The only civilians who were permitted to own arm through the chin, the nation's poorest ethnic group who rely on guns to hunt for food. In many cases, these guns were flintlocks that would not have looked that out of place on the Battlefield 2 centuries before. In practice though. Things are very different. The current conflict is best seen as a flare up in violence has been ongoing since Britain left the country in 1947. The Tatmadaw has consistently used violence against marginalized ethnic groups in the country, and they have consistently taken up arms in response. But unlike civil wars in the Middle East. Wealthy nations in the West have not been flooding Myanmar with weapons for decades, and the various CEO's or ethnic armed organisations have had to turn to much more unorthodox routes to arm and equip themselves against the government. To get a better idea of what things are like on the ground, we spoke to Pierre. He's French, but he's a serial volunteer with National Liberation struggles around the world and fought with the Korean people in the early 2000s. Yes, so the the the ammunition is a constant problem. The shortage is absolutely permanent. And yes, the, the, the. There is two sources are for the for the for the weapons. There is the black market and the prices, especially of ammunition are prohibitive. This is where I would like to have my notebook here with me, because I think I wrote down the conversation I had with some leaders of the Canada at the time asking them why we didn't do more operations, were like, yeah, we just can't afford it. You know, we just can't afford it. Like strictly we we don't, we we don't have enough ammunition to do any kind of of operation we need to. So all the operations we did were always focused on if we could capture some ammunition. If we could get you like weapons, but especially ammunition. Yeah. So there is you know that's that's the second source of of course of of weapon let's say soccer is the is the captures, of course then the black market, the black market. Used to be huge in Cambodia. I don't know what's the situation now. That was in the 90s. There was it was a bit of the Albania of Southeast Asia this time, right? And so. There's also the other ethnic groups that receive sometime say a lot of of. Of arms and ammunition from sponsors like some of them, like the West. The dummies are sponsored by China, so like their supply of nations. Pretty good of of weapons. I think it's even out of like cartilage and stuff. Then there is also groups that also produce locally. Quite good and they are their own. On the arms like arms usually. So yeah, these these are the different sources of welcome. In in the time I was there. In the early weeks of the protests, once it became clear that nonviolent demonstrators were going to be met with state violence. Protesters began to fashion weapons first. They fought soldiers with assault rifles using catapults and bows and arrows. It was incredibly brave, but it wasn't very effective. By the 28th of March, protesters have taken a step further. A group calling itself the Calais Civil Army set up barricades and defended them using pressurised air rifles that fired marbles and bicycle wheel bearings. The rifles all use the same design and the same components. They were based on a video someone found on YouTube, but they weren't lethal. They help protesters defend their space. Albeit at great cost. In that first Clash, 4 protesters and four soldiers were killed. The protesters in Calais were able to hold out a few days using old hunting rifles and air guns. The ambush military patrols and they took four police hostage. Then they exchanged him for 9 incarcerated protesters. But in early April, the Tatmadaw returned to the protest camp in Calais with rocket propelled grenades and machine guns and killed 11 people. We must fight back against him. If not, our generation will face a worse situation than us. They have no laws, a neighbourhood villager who battled the regime's forces told the Irrawaddy, a local paper. The air guns spread around the country quickly. To avoid surveillance, protesters talked about cooking up biryani on telegram channels, and what they meant was desperately scouring the Internet for a way to fight back and finding a way to make an air rifle out of a butane canister, a pipe and a cigarette lighter. Combined with fireworks and smoke bombs made of potassium nitrate. The Air rifle gave protesters just enough cubbard to escape police charges. But they also gave the junta an excuse to further escalate the violence. Attitudes are hardening among the protesters too. In Mandalay they took air rifles to the barricades on Saturday, hardly a match for the weapons of war they face. But now they know this is a fight to the death. And more destruction after a fire raged in PG Galgun Township overnight. People living there, but kept away by security forces, returned to find 60 homes burned to the ground. Now all they can do is pick through the ashes, trying to save anything from the military's policy of scorched earth. Even the Tatmadaw makes its own weapons, a highly unusual move for a relatively small nation. Tamadot troops and police can be seen with a bewildering array of indigenously produced copies of M Sixteens, Uzis and even 556 Galil pattern AK Style rifles, as well as in three light machine guns, which are slightly updated copies of the MG42 used by the Nazis in World War Two. After the failed 8888 uprisings in 1988, the military offered concessions to China in return for more. Advanced weapons. They got them, but it didn't stop China from also supplying ethnic armed organizations. CEO's don't have access to the same munitions factories that the government does, but there is a long tradition of homemade weapons in Myanmar and more remote parts of the country. Homemade air rifles and shotguns seem to have been relatively commonplace before the start of the conflict, and they were mostly used for hunting. The country is also covered with land mines, which the AO's used to great effect against the Tatmadaw we spoke to, Pierre. A former combatant with the Corinne who no longer lives in Myanmar. His experience is not that recent, but it helps us to understand the way this conflict has been fought for decades. What we we used to do to produce a lot of landmines that's that's produced at the base, yes. With like, you know, very, very rough systems with a little bit of of. Some type of plastic explosive, a couple of bamboo for contractors and and like a battery. That's it. Pellet guns are not good for combat, and CEO's mostly relied on weapons imported from Thailand, India, or China. Overwhelmingly these were AK or M16 pattern rifles. Yeah, mostly in my in the units I've been there. So probably a majority of AK platforms in this time. Yes, definitely. I mean, it's more reliable and, you know, simple to operate is very adapted to the to the. Type of guerrilla it was. It was quite correct. I mean. From the moment that I switched to AK's, at least because at first I tried to use this super fancy M16 and it was a nightmare of malfunctions. So it's respect to a kids and she's the best known and used on my house. Yeah, doesn't have this. I never really had any any malfunction with the case. Maybe one time with a faulty lot of ammunition, but that's it. Not really the rifles. But the fight, Pierre says, has never been restricted to the battlefield for the Tatmadaw violence against civilians as part of their four cuts doctrine that cuts off funding, food intelligence and recruits for the AO's. Now they are moving that same outlook to the cities. Like, literally. Literally abide by absolutely no laws of war or else. I mean like one of the first things that I saw when we went to going patrolling in the in the caravan villages. Around the house one of of operation is that there was absolutely no girl between the age of 11 to the age of 17. And I was like I I ask you know my, my commando about it and he says yeah like obviously if they if they say they will be raped by the Tatmadaw and the first battle like the first time they will they will come you know so this. This gives you a little bit of the tone of what they are about. They constantly run some civilians when they don't murder them. Like, you know, Shell villages for no reason or because there had been an operation of the cannulae and they take revenge on who they can take revenge on with the civilians. You know, this is, this is how they behave, this is who they are basically. The Tatmadaw is a large army and many of the conscripts are hardly high speed operator types, but that hasn't stopped them from killing thousands of innocent civilians. I mean they have as many army different units with different military value. It's a, you know. Many times the the units that they stuck on hilltop in the middle of rebel zone are not like the most combative, let's say, but sometimes you get surprised resistance. But yeah, except for that Wednesday do an operation in in a place they bring in. Like more elite troops, let's say. By contrast, the KLA, the Karenni National Liberation Army and other EO's relied on civilian support to survive. The candidate operates in in Mint Mobile offers premium wireless starting at just 15 bucks a month. And now for the plot twist. Nope, there isn't one. Mint Mobile just has premium wireless from 15 bucks a month. There's no trapping you into a two year contract. You're opening the bill to find all these nuts fees. There's no luring you in with free subscriptions or streaming services that you'll forget to cancel. And then. Charged full price for none of that. For anyone who hates their phone Bill, Mint Mobile offers premium wireless for just $15.00 a month. 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And the shocking discovery I made where I faced the consequences of writing a book I thought would help people? Isn't that funny? It's not funny at all. It's depressing. Very depressing. Revisionist history is back with more. Listen to revisionist history on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. I've never seen less enthusiasm for a great idea in my life. Karen? Lately, and the civilians are Karen, I mean. Pretty much when we when we arrive in a in a village there's a, there's medics. You know that with us that take care of the population, distribute medicine. No, like I don't know what to tell you. It's like quite, it's quite a funny acquisition coming from the technology. This attitude has helped them, Pierre says. And they have always been open to non Corinne recruits. First of all, it's not, absolutely not. Let's see some kind of ethnicist or organization of ethno nationalist, like, you know, some hate for authority group, including the Obama ethnic group that like traditionally, you know, is is other leaders of the Tatmadaw that have been oppressing them for 70 years. But they have absolutely no resentment and they are extremely open to work with the Democrats democratic forces. From from everything. But yes, since 1988, Pierre said, the KLA had been willing to link up with Democratic rebels, providing them with training and shelter, in order to further their shared goal of a federal and democratic country that treated all ethnicities with respect. So, PDF, so these rebels, let's say. You're trained by the currents and also by people I know very well, since it was my commander then. So I've seen I've seen the the the currents have always been extremely accommodating to the the Bama opposition meaning the the the Bama are the the main ethnic group are I'd say this for people that might not know the difference so and so the the Karens always add representation and they they took like. You know, political refugees, let's say from from inside Burma in the territories, they control monopoly. There was like the Student Association, which exact name I can't recall right now, but all these are Obama, organization of opposition. And so now they keep this tradition by helping the the these new rebels of the PDF to get military training. And yes, by the summer of 2020, young people had flooded into the jungles, and many of them, even the ones of German ethnicity, were fighting alongside the Koran and Karenni rebels they'd previously seen as troublemakers and terrorists. Just a year or two before, we spoke with one of these people, Zaw Lin, who left his home. In May of 2021, there was students, friends, but also young people from just the neighborhood. Most people were just above 20. A lot of them were single. You know, there's women as well. People who knew technology, young people. From the. From the technology computer apologist Boycott University. A lot of these people who knew modern technology went into the jungle to go into the jungle to train and be able to overthrow the mini online government. So there was it was very tiring. We had to go up and down a lot of hills. It was two days of walking get there, so and up and down the hills and back down, up and down until we got to the training plan. Hello, I'm Stacey Wilson hunt, your host for inventing Anna, the official podcast. Shonda Rhimes and the creators at Shondaland inventing Anna tells the story of a young woman who charmed her way into the pocketbooks of New York's elite. Was she gonna take off with that $20 million from the banks or was she gonna pour it into this foundation? 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Find a forest near you and start exploring and discovertheforest.org brought to you by the United States Forest Service and the ad Council. Hey everyone, I'm Robert Evans, and welcome to episode three of printing the Revolution. Here's my partner, James stout. In this spring and summer of 2020, millions of Americans had versions of the same experience. State forces kill the helpless man. Protesters took to the streets in anger and armed agents of the state responded with mass violence. A lot of people's lives changed forever in fairly short order. What happened in Myanmar after the military coup was that story turned up to 11? Within days, the military had used live fire on demonstrators zore a source for today's episode with 22 years old at the time. He spent his days working as a delivery driver, hanging out with his girlfriend, playing video games. On the day the coup started. He was playing pub G After a long shift. Soon he and his girlfriend took to the streets with thousands of other genzi Burmese kids. The state responded with massacres, often firing automatic weapons into the crowds. Owl hadn't been particularly politically active before this moment. In fact, he felt pretty poorly towards revolutionaries opposing the government in the jungle, seeing them as rebellious troublemakers. In the past. We thought that the military is some group that loves all the people, all the different groups in the in the country. And then there's just a few people who really hate the military. But especially after the. The 2021 who we face it with our own foreheads and home with the guns that we can face. The evil, the military. And all the human rights and things that people who hated the military before we're talking about, we understand it now because we had to face it ourselves. And then they're gonna call us terrorists. And however much they call us, we know that we're fighting for human rights. And we know that each person deserves these basic things, you know? So. So even when we captured a soldier, we don't kill them immediately because they're unarmed. You know, when they capture PDF, they torture and kill them very, very horrifically or horrendously. And they kill and do and hurt all the citizens and ordinary bystanders so for us. What they're telling as rebels before we're not rebels. They're the ones that are rebels. So we have to call them rebels. They're the terrorists. But as violence against protesters escalated, they all began to see through the lies he'd been told by the military or his life, what we were calling as rebels. Are what we kind of become. But we know why we are now rebels. That's because of their terrorism, their oppressive regimes and their violation of human rights. That's why we have to revolt against them. For a time, protesters responded creatively. With giant potato guns meant to fire less lethal projectiles long distances. These homemade guns would be fired in volleys while other protesters protected them with Shields. Some of these tactics were effective at points, but it quickly became clear that the government was willing to massacre everyone standing up to them saw his girlfriend, and their friends quickly decided that nonviolent resistance wasn't going to work. But they didn't give up. As we get onto into June, there's two paths right we can be normal, we can go on the streets, we can ask for the people's power back. And since that's not working, we know that what we have to do is we need to hold these funds, get these funds. And and on the military side, all they know is that they will solve this by holding guns. So the only thing, the only path that's left for us is to take those guns for ourselves. So around the end of May, we started entering training school. So the down toe is what the word he used and. Or something like this corner part of so one corner part one to two. So he's talking. What that means is that in the fundings hunt things that we were doing hunting rifles that we were using for that. So we kind of start started and we fought first in damosa. If we can ask the military nicely, then there's no reason for us to be using guns. But since they don't listen to our demands or our requests at all, then the and since that all we can do, all they are saying, all they're doing is using the guns and being terrorist, trying to shoot us. So the only thing that we can do to get what we need and what we want is to take the guns for ourselves. And so, like hundreds of people his age is all headed into the jungle in May of 2021. The decision wasn't an overnight one or an easy one. But after protesting nonviolently, then meeting state violence with community defence. Then seeing his peers gunned down in the street. He didn't have many other choices. He'd picked up a megaphone, then a shield. And now he was heading in the jungle to pick up a rifle. The only problem was that there weren't any rifles. He left with his girlfriend and quote, with the blessing of his parents. Keep that in mind for later. When he first went to the jungle, Zal went to a two week training camp where the Karenni People's Defense Force taught him the basics of guerrilla warfare, but they didn't have enough weapons to arm him and his friends, so these jinsy militants began their fighting careers with 22 caliber rifles. If you weren't a gun person, the 22 was one of the smallest widely available bullets. Like any bullet, it can kill, but as a caliber. It's better suited for shooting rabbits than soldiers. These 22 rifles were handmade locally and only fired one shot at a time. But it was those rifles that saw his girlfriend and their friends carried into their first gunfight with the Tatmadaw. After battling like that for about 3 weeks, the shooting stopped, he said in an interview we conducted over signal. After the shooting stopped, we grouped together money to buy arms by asking for donations. They were massively outgunned, but determined to fight on with the weapons they could make and buy on the black market until they could find something better, even if that meant taking guns from dead soldiers. The military's guns are extremely good, of course, compared to .2 twos, he said. We fight with the mindset that we must win. Our minds are always prepared to take their guns when a soldier falls. It's a mindset to want the enemy's arms. To beat your own arms. You need to want to resist injustice because we are fighting for what is right. We do not get sad even if we die. We are happy even when wounded. We no longer care if our arms are matched unevenly. Now, despite their enthusiasm, PDF units all over the country were finding themselves in the same desperate situation. When thousands of young people in Myanmar decided to take up arms against the government, there just weren't enough guns to go around. AK PATTERN rifles sell for $3000 on the black market and AR's sell for up to $7000. The GDP per capita in 2020 was just $12118.35 per person and unlike militias in Syria and Iraq, the Pro democracy. Videos in Myanmar don't have the benefit questionable benefit of the US flooding the region with its fire hose of guns and money. Undeterred, Zaw and his squad took to YouTube where they found videos explaining how to make 223 caliber bolt action rifles. Again, if you're not a gun person, 223 may not sound very different than 22. But whereas 22 is commonly used to shoot squirrels, 223 is the standard rifle round, more or less for the US military. These new bolt action 2230 and his friends were making could not match the rate of fire of a modern rifle, but they could at least match those rifles and stopping power. Once these ginz insurgents had the technique down, they created a detailed album on Facebook showing how everything from the stock to the barrel could be made with pipes. Lumber and hours and hours of detailed hard work. Unlike their guerrilla warfare instructors, these kids had grown up on the Internet rather than the jungle, so they knew that if it exists, there's a subreddit for it. It was the Internet that came to their rescue. 3D printed guns have been around for a decade, but the early models didn't work well and suffered from a pretty bad reputation due in part to Cody Wilson, the pedophile libertarian activist we discussed last episode. Jake Hanrahan of Popular Front has covered the printed gun movement. Extensively. Cody Wilson made it his whole thing. Like, I'm the guy with the 3D printed guns and he was on this moral crusade. The 3D printed gun lads, particularly deterrence dispensed, were like, yeah, we don't, we don't give a **** about that. We're just putting our stuff out into the world. Obviously they got the right ideas, but they weren't really wedded to this idea of it being one person. Deterrence dispensed was a group of anonymous activists who were more concerned with making printed guns that worked than making a name for themselves. Hanrahan was connected to 1 activist who used the pseudonym J. Work through the group, and after three years of conversing online, Hanrahan met Stark in Germany to produce a documentary. Jay Stark died of a heart attack following a police raid last year, so we spoke to Hanrahan about Stark's worldview. His whole worldview comes from this idea that, you know, it's everybody should have the right to be able to fight tyranny, and if you can't fight tyranny like you're ******. And the way to fight tyranny in the modern era is firearms. We know that, you know? There's there's no, you can't argue it's that no peaceful March gets rid of a fascist dictatorship or whatever. Yeah. But he he was he, he was, you know, there's some people would say he was far right. Some people would say was an anarchist. Some people say he was a US patriot type. I mean first he wasn't even from America and he had a lot of, he liked the laws in America, but he wasn't like someone American kind of fanboy or anything on on that sense like the gun laws. He liked the gun laws. He liked the freedom of speech laws, which I do as well. You know, like personally I. In this country, you know, if you tweet the wrong thing, even in jest, like police will literally come to your house in Britain like it's happened. It's ******* mental. So yeah, he liked that kind of thing. And I think, I think for him it was he was very tunnel vision, you know, he was very tunnel vision. It was just freedom, freedom, freedom. And if you said, well, what about this, what about that? He was like, I don't care about that until the freedom is there. There's no point looking at anything else. And so his brain was always on people that are living under tyranny, you know, and it genuinely. Because I know there's a lot of people, even leftist, particularly leftist, who tried to completely smear him as a white supremacist. They were saying, oh, everything you said in that doc that I made was really, it was secret anti Jewish white supremacy and then it came out that he wasn't even white. You know, it was like very good, very good, you ******* idiots. So there was a lot of that going around, but I honestly believe that deep down he was just tunnel vision focused on this idea of every until everybody is not living under tyranny. I must go on this mission. And OK, if if someone shoots up a school with what I've invented, so be it. You know, which I'm not saying that's good, but that was just his idea. You know, he was like, so be it, **** it if I can. You know, he was very genuine when he was done about the wiegers or he was on about the mistreatment of Kurds from Turkey. And, you know, he was like, look, if we can build something that can help them, well, sorry that the West might get ****** ** because of it, but I'm focused on this now, obviously, in in practice, that would be chaos probably. But, you know, he he just saw it the way he saw it and that was that. The cavalier attitude Stark seems to have had to how his invention might be used is, of course, worthy of criticism. But the revolutionaries on the ground in Myanmar were not concerned with ideological debates over the ethics of homemade firearms. They needed guns, and they needed them now. Jay Stark's FGC nine, which stands for **** Gun Control 9 millimeter, was simple to make, easy to use, and relied entirely on parts you could print or buy in any hardware store. In September of 2021, a post popped up on the Fascade. Subreddit, which is dedicated to the manufacturing of 3D printed guns. Stark is a hero there, the post said. Wanted to say thanks to this community, the creators of FGC nine and the various mods when we could. You guys are literally empowering the armed revolution against dictators in one of the most underdeveloped countries. We are now equipped with FGC nine and starting the armed revolution to the coup leader, dictator. As one poster comments, the account quote went from posting about mobile games, to how to 3D print SMG's, to disparately asking people to pay attention what was happening in Myanmar. Then, after the FGC 9 post, it was deleted entirely. J Stark never lived to see this. He would have loved it what everything that he was doing. That was the main focus in my opinion. That like it couldn't be a more perfect, like practical actual realization of his project. You couldn't pick a more perfect version of it to happen like that you know. And there's a lot of talk of all where there's a lot of drug dealers in Amsterdam have FGC nines, there was a Nazi recently arrested with one you know these people are awful of course, but the the most prevalent use of the the FGC 9, at least from what I've observed. Has been from the the rebels in Myanmar, Mike, and I think I've seen like 30 of them so far. You know, that's a lot of them. And there was one was found stashed in a Bush. My theory is they're left around for ambush attacks in areas that are not as fully controlled by the rebels. For SCAD, a community of mostly US based gun printers lost its collective mind. And it didn't take long for people to make the connection between the post and the desperate plight of Myanmar Spring Revolution. Soon after the post, the tap the door started posting pictures of FGC Nines, often without sights, captured from fighters in Yangon. On the 21st of September. Tatmadaw's Ministry of Information released a statement. I meant sway and yay. Mint Aung were found with an FGC 9 mark, 2 pistol, 5 rounds of 9 millimeter ammunition. They were arrested along with their drone. The military alleged they were an urban unit from the same Generation Z Freedom Army that Zoe was a part of. That same month, the military posted pictures of three more captured FGDC nights. Suggesting that at least five have been captured by late September. Then two months later. A new post popped up in the Fosgate sub Reddit. Hey, I'm back. I'm the guy who posted a thank you note back in September here. Now that the FGC Nines are already known by the dictator, I can proudly announce the we're from Myanmar. Yes, we are mass producing FGC nines to fight back against the dictator. More info about our production will be published later. This time the user. You slash daddy umcc D hung around to answer questions. Those ******** didn't know we had the tech back then. Now that everything is in public, we can proudly say we're from Myanmar. We are mostly responsible for production and R&D even though we also involved in other ground missions. We distribute the FDC 9 to a lot of different urban guerillas in urban and rural areas. Some of the units got arrested a few weeks ago, which you might have already seen on this subreddit. Apart from the FGC nine, there are other equipments and weapons that are being produced with 3D printers, he wrote. He said his team were residing in ethnic armed organization areas, mainly the Korean National Union and the Kachin Independence Army controlled zones. He posted that they tried other 3D printed designs such as the Plastov, which is a printed AK47 receiver. Mint Mobile offers premium wireless starting at just 15 bucks a month. And now for the plot twist. Nope, there isn't one. Mint Mobile just has premium wireless from 15 bucks a month. There's no trapping you into a two year contract, you're opening the bill to find all these nuts fees. There's no luring you in with free subscriptions or streaming services that you'll forget to cancel and then be charged. Full price for. None of that for anyone who hates their phone. Mint Mobile offers premium wireless for just $15.00 a month. Mint Mobile will give you the best rate whether you're buying one or for a family, and it meant family start at 2 lines. All plans come with unlimited talk and text, plus high speed data delivered on the nation's largest 5G network. You can use your own phone with any mint mobile plan and keep your same phone number along with all your existing contacts. Just switch to Mint mobile and get premium wireless service starting at 15 bucks a month. Get premium wireless service from just $15.00 a month and no one expected plot twists at Mint Mobile. From behindthatsmintmobile.com behind. Seriously, you'll make your wallet very happy at mintmobile.com behind. This fall on revisionist history, is there anything that we haven't talked about, or I should have asked you or you'd like to add that seems relevant? You should have asked me why I'm missing fingers on my left hand. A story about sacrifice. I think his suffering drove him to try to alleviate suffering. And the shocking discovery I made where I faced the consequences of writing a book I thought would help people? Isn't that funny? It's not funny at all. It's depressing. Very depressing. Religious history is back with more. Listen to revisionist history on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. I've never seen less enthusiasm for a great idea in my life. Hey, it's Rick Schwartz, one of your hosts for San Diego Zoo's Amazing Wildlife podcast. In this special episode, we sit down with Doctor Jane Goodall to hear her inspiring thoughts on how we can create a better future for humans, animals and the environment. If we don't help them find ways of making a living without destroying the environment, we can't save chimps, forests or anything else. And that becomes very clear when you look at poverty around the world. If you're living in poverty, you can't afford to ask as we can. Did this product harm the environment? Was it cruel to animals like, was it factory farmed? Is it cheap because of unfair wages paid to people and so alleviating poverty? Is tremendously important. Listen to amazing wildlife on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. But getting the other parts made it impractical. By contrast, the FGC nine could be made entirely using a 3D printer and some hardware store parts. According to another source, Myanmar's small motorcycle repair shops made quick work at the metal barrels and bolts. Electrochemical machining was used to make more barrels. They also had the chance to buy a few Glock barrels from Thailand, daddy UMC D said, but those cost a lot more than the FGC 9 barrels. Well, his account continued to post. The military continued to share photos of captured FGC Nines. 3 workshops that have been using lathes to make the barrels were raided and photos of three more captured guns popped up in November. Alongside Bolt action rifles, which still had stickers on their stocks from what looked like US gun shops. Production and decentralized locations continued despite the rates. While other groups fought on with homemade revolving rifles, crude homemade wooden stocks. Another improvised weapons, a telegram channel, was instructions in Burmese on how to make the guns made sure that even when one shop or gunsmith was taken out of the fight, the knowledge wasn't lost. Although filament for their 3D printers was becoming harder to get. They'd stockpiled a lot in advance. Daddy MCD tried to manufacture automatic FGC nines and another printable model called Professor Parabellum Square tube submachine gun, but nothing else seemed as easy or as reliable as the FTC 9. Of course, Reddit, being Reddit, people questioned the veracity and utility of his posts. He responded. FC Nines are just part of the game because they could be produced with what we have at the lowest cost available. Rifles are 4000 to 7000 U.S. dollars at our border. FGC's are under $100. Rifle parts are 10 times more expensive than Glock parts. To all those who are saying these photos are SUS. We don't want to blame your suspicion if any of you remember the thread I posted in September. You'll remember that we are mass producing FDC nights. The ones in the photos you've seen were supplied by us. There are many groups like this now. We do the main production just like I explained in September. Then data Unccd went on to thank the other members of the subreddit. Claiming their active help was the only reason he and other revolutionaries have been able to overcome certain technical issues. We wouldn't be here without you guys, especially someone who shared with me the buffer spring and fire Control group spring measurements, he said. By late November, photos of FGC Nines in the hands of fighters emerged. And they showed site this time. They had longer barrels and homemade suppressors, too. The FTC Nines were apparently used by urban units for close up fighting and for the training of new fighters, since they have essentially the same controls and they are 15 or M16 rifle, both of which are common in Myanmar's rebel units. We have successfully streamlined a variety of techniques to produce FGDC nine 1000 plus efficiently. A primary force is equipped with proper rifles. FGC Nines are for guerrilla warfare. We started using those in hit and run and Special task force missions too. We don't share much about the mission to the public yet. It will definitely come and when it does, we'll updated here if I'm still alive, Haha, wrote Daddy MCD on the Forscutt subreddit. Even with production in full swing. Ammunition remained a problem. Although some regions can produce 22 and 9 millimeter at home, according to Dad Emcd. 556 can be purchased in large quantities at the border with Thailand, but it isn't cheap. Instead, the PDF relied on raiding police and military outposts in the same way the AAOS had for years. 9 millimeter is the most common centerfire pistol round in the world. That's why deterrence Dispence picked it for the FGC 9. Seize weapons often only have a handful of rounds. But that's enough to kill a soldier and take his weapon. J stock might not have been around to see his invention used to fight tyranny. The hammer hand thinks he would have been happy with the results. He would have been made-up. I think that's everything he wanted to achieve. You know what I'm saying? That really is everything you wanted to do. Even the national unity government, Myanmar's government in exile, has come around to at least some of Jay Stock's ways of thinking, according to Daddy MCD. Our Ministry of Defence Minister already promised about the right to bear arms at the first day of the revolution. Promises made by revolutionary governments are not exactly solid commitments, but it's not hard to see why. A generation of kids like Zaw, forged by an asymmetrical conflict with the government that possessed a near absolute advantage in armaments, might be committed to staying armed even if they win. At the moment, the future of their struggle is very much in doubt. Scrolling through Facebook photos of Zal and his comrades is a surreal experience. They look not just young. Soldiers, mostly look young, but they look like students, kids from some weirdly. Militarized university photos on Facebook show them sprawled out together in the grass in camo fatigues, burying rifles, but each glued to their phones as they cuddle in together. Zahl and his girlfriend, who he described to us as the girl I love, fought alongside each other until January 7th of this year, the battle that we started. She was coming within. And you know as habitants weapon landed near her and it. Hit her leg so her bone broke. So. So she had to go to the hospital. 3D printed and homemade guns have helped, but Zoe and his friends are still fighting against a modern military with planes, night vision goggles and tanks. Despite this, more than a year after the coup, they're still fighting, and more soldiers defect to join them weekly. It's hard to see what victory looks like. The cities will be another battle altogether, but in the jungle camp, where saw video calls us from, it's impossible to see what giving up might look like either. He's still fighting. His girlfriend is healing. And they're both committed to staying out in the jungle until they earn their freedom back or die trying. And we're live here outside the Perez family home, just waiting for the and there they go. Almost on time. This morning Mom is coming out the front door strong with a double armed kid carry. Looks like Dad has the bags. Daughter is bringing up the rear. Ohh, but the diaper bed wasn't closed. Typers and toys are everywhere. Oh but Mom is just nailed the perfect car seat buckle. Or the toddler and now the eldest daughter, who looks to be about 9 or 10 has secured herself in a booster seat dead zips the bag closed and they're off about. Looks like Mom doesn't realize her coffee cup is still on the roof of the car and there it goes. There's shame that mug was a fan favorite. Don't sweat the small stuff. Just mail the big stuff, like making sure your kids are buckled correctly in the right seat for their agents. Eyes learnmore@nhtsa.gov/the right seat, visitnhtsa.gov/the right seat, brought to you by Nitza and the ad council. Squirrels in the forest trees? Sure, no one else grows in the forest. Our imagination, our sense of wonder and our family bonds grow too, because when we disconnect from this. And connect with this, we reconnect with each other. The forest is closer than you think. Find a forest near you and start exploring at discovertheforest.org, brought to you by the United States Forest Service and the Ad Council. Look to your children's eyes to see the true magic of a forest. It's a storybook world for them. You look and see a tree. They see the wrinkled face of a wizard with arms outstretched to the sky. They see treasure and pebbles. They see a windy path that could lead to adventure. And they see you. They're fearless guide to this fascinating world. Find a forest near you and start exploring at discovertheforest.org, brought to you by the United States Forest Service and the Ad Council. I'm Robert Evans, and this is part four of Myanmar printing the revolution. And then once we got there, we couldn't rest, you know, rain, sun, whatever, women as well we were all like. Try when they came, when we were leaving, they were all like very fair skinned, beautiful and then we went in and then everyone got tanned in the jungle, were training all the time. You know, people training camp were driven with the part, and the reason that we were all doing this is because of minimum nice coup as students and how much he has terrorized the public and the people. And that's why we were we have this morale and the ability to get through the training and be able to wield weapons. Zora and his friends went into the jungle of students, programmers and kids. Now they're fighters. There were tech savvy young people, he says. They grew up online, and that generational divide, which the Internet brought here, came much later in Myanmar. It wasn't until 2011 that people really gained access to the Internet, and with it the new ideas and identities that it brought. Source generation are among the first to embrace global connectivity. And now, after having it taken away, they're refusing to give it up. The start of the coup in February, the military. Well, Genzi was organizing online social media and all that, so. And they were trying to. I think this is from my experience, but I'm kind of organizing around. Like Gen Z is going to be different than the ADHD generation because we have the Internet and and also we know more about the world and can communicate to the rest of the world. I think one thing that was big was that in 2008. It just took one video leaking out of the country for there to be big international repercussions. It's worth noting that when people in Burma talk about the Internet, they mean Facebook phones come with the Facebook app installed. And it's sometimes exempt from data charges. For many people in Burma, using the Internet means using Facebook. Zorro and his friends are different from their parents in many ways, not least in their perceptions of authority. This has led to a situation where the PDF People's Defence Force units are much less hierarchical than units of the Tampa door. So when we make decisions. In our group. There is no master and student. There's no teacher and student, but you know the way that it works. There are people who are good. They're older people who are more trained. And then there are new recruits, new people who just came in. So of course the people who were there longer and know more about situation have more voice when we discussed. So especially people who were there when we founded this group. There were only really eight people from when we grouped, so those eight people kind of discussed on the bigger strategy. You know, we don't really vote there. He says he wants to do it. He thinks it's good. We are. There's the seven of us we think is good or we support him, or someone says, well, we don't really like that idea, then we don't do it. They tried to achieve more gender equality as well, but those are explained that in his unit the women are not always the frontline fighters at the place. There's no discrimination, you know, women can. Women and men were training whoever could come. But like on the battlefield? People, we don't use women that much on the battlefield. That's one thing that we do know is that is not, it's not really discrimination, but if women are with us together. We have a confusion about whether we need to protect them or they're just fighting with with them, or they're fighting in front of us. And that there's one thing that is very different. It was that in terms of mentality. We we can't. We never take the women out really far into very dangerous fights. So often they're in the back as back up or do supplies or things like that. But as you know, the military government, the military terrorists are very, very. Very unethical. They don't follow the rules, so you know they're going to shoot whoever they see. So even if they're hanging back and they're sending medical supplies, they're they're they can still get hit fuzor in particular, there's a lot at stake. After almost an hour and a half of talking, I asked about his parents, had heard of retribution attacks against the families of fighters and wondered if he was worried about that. So mom and Dad are both. They support me fighting them against the military. They're very happy. Is that really wants to do CDM? But he can't run away? Because the military. It has taken his mother and his sisters. He still has five sisters. They're all still in that military command their work. They're in the military stool schools, so it's very hard for them to run away. That's yeah right. So he really wants to leave the military, but he can't. So while so that the fact that I am there trying to fight against the military, he's very happy. And. But he tells me to be careful about my own life. They're supportive and they really want to come fight themselves, but they can't because of my sisters and my mother. So in seeing that I can do it, it's really wonderful for them. So his father. His other brother and other people, three of them below him. They've all usually just live together with his grandfather and stuff in the military compounds or near the military. So he really wants to call all the people that are still there, but they can't leave. This is what civil war does, traps us in a situation where we can't make the right choice, even when we know what it is. And in many situations, it's pretty hard to discern right from wrong in the midst of so much violence. Soul has been able to fight, but his dad is stuck fighting against people like his son in order to protect his daughters. Thousands of families across the country are divided in the same way by circumstance or ideology. The military is something of a separate society has its own schools in its own culture. But ethnic armed organisations have not been close to urban populations either, and so whole new identities have been forged by Generation Z, while their families often struggle to abandon old certainties. As we record this, Zaw is still fighting, his girlfriend is still healing. Every few weeks a video of him and his friends pops up on Reddit or Facebook. They have optics on their rifles now and are taking long range shots at the top medal who rely on iron sights. They shoot and reload like soldiers and they laugh like kids. The top medal still controls the cities, but to move between them they have to travel in convoys at breakneck speeds, using ambushes, mines and knowledge of the terrain. EO's and the PDF are able to deny the military. Access to large portions of the countryside. Without a serious change in the conflict, it might stay like this for years. A report published this month detailed the attacks in the Karenni State by the Tatmadaw on churches, residential homes, camps for displaced people, which killed 61 in the month since saw left the city on Christmas Eve in Apriso Township. They killed at least 40 civilians. Autopsy shows some were gagged and burned alive in recent months. The Tatmadaw has increased its use of air strikes against targets that it deems legitimate. Ming on Huang, the Juntas leader, flew to Russia twice in 2021, he was proclaimed an honorary professor of the Military University of the Russian Armed Forces quote. We are determined to continue our efforts to strengthen bilateral ties based on the mutual understanding, respect and trust that have been established between our two countries, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said at a meeting with the coup leader on June 22nd. We pay special attention to this meeting as we see Myanmar as a time tested strategic partner and a reliable ally. South East Asia and the Asia Pacific region, he went on min on. Hoang was equally lavish with his praise, saying that he saw Russia as a friend forever. Myanmar relies heavily on Russian hind in MI35, helicopter gunships, transport helicopters, Mig 29 and SU-30 fighter jets, and yak 130 ground attack aircraft to carry out bombing raids and straight civilians. All of these weapons systems have been seen more recently in the fighting in Ukraine. 1 prominent Burmese. Irish family the kayak tongs has helped the junta avoid an international arms embargo. Using their global connections and a network of shady shadow companies, they have purchased helicopters under the pretense of using them for tourism and the oil and gas industry, and handed them over to the Tatmadaw. They've also helped shuttle coastal radar to Myanmar, which the top medal used to track Rohingya refugees and provide cover for several aircraft purchases. To fund these arms purchases, the Tatmadaw has found Wheeling markets for luxury goods abroad. According to Justice for Myanmar, since the coup in February 2021, the United States has imported 15165 metric tons of teak from the ANMAR, using intermediaries to avoid sanctions and the 2017, 2018 financial year, the last year for which data is available, the government received 100 million U.S. dollars in revenue from taxes and royalties applied to the timber trade. In 2021, there were more shipments than 2018, offering the Tatmadaw the chance to make enough money to continue purchasing. Weapons to use against their population. The conflict in Myanmar remains complicated. It's easy to reduce the alphabet soup of rebel groups to Eaos and the PDF, but these groups and their motivations are diverse. Pierre explained to us that even within the Corin there are deep divisions. Well, first you have to know that historically the the current rebellion that started in 1948, nineteen 49, so quite a long time ago, was led by by. Christian, but the Christian minority, OK of the of the current people, because obviously that was the most western educated people. At the time. And so this elite kind of reproduced itself in the Canyon without being the the kind you is the current National Union. Is a democratic movement. But, you know, our elites tend to reproduce themselves. And so most of the leadership, let's say, of the Karen National Union and the Karen National Liberation Army. Was, uh, Christian? Like and so the the Burmese junta, the Burmese military government decided to use this to create a wedge between between the car and the Christians and the the current Buddhists and the center amongst to say agitate and try to cause this split on. Religious grounds? No. And they succeeded in parts and succeeded to to separate a part of of current Buddhist that created the the democratic Karen Buddhist Army DBA, which then allied themselves of course to the to the junta and to to attack the to attack the channel and the the Manor flow, which of course they knew all the. All the words there and the differences and where was the the differences situated etcetera and succeeded in destroying the the capital of the of the Karen National Union in Monaco in 95. So that was the situation pretty much when I arrived. It was pretty hard. Like the there was not so much territory anymore held by the Karen. And most more importantly, they lost a lot of income because a lot of their income come from tax mint mobile offers premium wireless starting at just 15 bucks a month. And now for the plot twist. Nope, there isn't one. Mint Mobile just has premium wireless from 15 bucks a month. There's no trapping you into a two year contract. You're opening the bill to find all these nuts fees. There's no luring you in with free subscriptions or streaming services that you'll forget to cancel and then be charged full price for. None of that. For anyone who hates their phone Bill, Mint Mobile offers premium wireless for just $15.00 a month. Mint Mobile will give you the best rate whether you're buying one or for a family, and it meant family start at 2 lines. All plans come with unlimited talk and text, plus high speed data delivered on the nation's largest 5G network. You can use your own phone with any mint mobile plan and keep your same phone number along with all your existing contacts. Just switch to mint. Bubble and get premium wireless service starting at 15 bucks a month. Get premium wireless service from just $15.00 a month and no one expected plot twist at mintmobile.com/behind. That's mintmobile.com/behind. Seriously, you'll make your wallet very happy at mintmobile.com/behind. This fall on revisionist history, is there anything that we haven't talked about, or I should have asked you or you'd like to add that seems relevant? You should have asked me why I'm missing fingers on my left hand. A story about sacrifice. I think his suffering drove him to try to alleviate suffering. And the shocking discovery I made where I faced the consequences of writing a book I thought would help people, isn't that funny? It's not funny at all. It's depressing. Very depressing. Revisionist history is back with more. Listen to revisionist history on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. I've never seen less enthusiasm for a great idea in my life. Hey, it's Rick Schwartz, one of your hosts for San Diego Zoo's Amazing Wildlife podcast. In this special episode, we sit down with Doctor Jane Goodall to hear her inspiring thoughts on how we can create a better future for humans, animals and the environment. Anything, particularly young children out into nature so that they can experience it and take time off from this virtual world of being always on your cell phones and so on. And get the feel of nature so that you come to be fascinated, then you come to want to understand it, and then you come to love it, and at that point you want to protect it. And then we'll come to the sort of healthy world that I envision as a good future for us. And the rest of life on this planet. Listen to amazing wildlife on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts. At the border that they can control, you know. So, yeah, that was the situation. Not every CEO has embraced the national unity government directly. After all, many of its members were enthusiastically running cover for the Rohingya genocide a few years ago. Many of the CEO's remain technically under a ceasefire with the Tatmadaw, and the Tatmadaw knows that if it pushes too far into EO territory, it risks provoking a full blown response. The AO's, meanwhile, have been aiding and training the PDF, and still maintaining enough deniability that NATO medal has not been. Forced into a confrontation EO PDF alliances look different in different regions, and often realities on the ground bear little relationship to the back door, diplomacy and official stances embraced by leadership and public. The wall continues to have a huge toll on civilians. According to the United Nations, in total, some 440,000 people have been newly displaced since the coup happened in February 2021. Adding to an existing 370,000 who had fled their homes from earlier waves of violence and over 1,000,000 people who had fled the Rohingya genocide. More than half the population of Karenni State has fled. Humanitarian access is heard. Much of the relief effort for displaced people occurs within local communities. Thousands of refugees are camping along the border with Thailand, which is defined by rivers. Initially, many people fled into Thailand, but terrible conditions in refugee camps led some of them to return to Myanmar. Now they waded across the river for international aid donations of food and water. But they can't bring themselves to stay in the crowded camps overnight, so they waded back to sleep on the Burmese side of the bank. The UN HCR, the High Commissioner of Refugees, has been unable to access camps in Thailand or Myanmar to check on the conditions. But it has urged to tie government, which has been credibly accused of forcing people back across the border, to move people to better conditions further into Thailand instead of keeping them in camps near the border. And here we find the unfortunate, unavoidable reality of the civil War in Myanmar for other uniqueness of aspects of the conflict, the innovative ways that genz militias have interfaced with older ethnic military forces, the 3D printed arms, etc. At the end of the day, this is another brutal, horrific conflict between large numbers of people who want to be free and a small number of people who want to control them. From Myanmar to Armenia, Ukraine to Syria, Ethiopia to Iraq and beyond, the novelties of 21st century conflict don't change the fact that, at the end of the day, each war brings with it what might be the truest symbol of our current age parents saying goodbye to their kids, camps filled with desperate people fleeing violence, and governments all over the world willing to send nothing more than kind words and stern warnings. This is a postscript to episode 4. It's not one that we've been intending to record because it's not news that we'd ever hoped to have to share, but. Here we are. Unfortunately, we found out that about 10 days after we last spoke and a couple of weeks before we released our podcast. Zoe died and he died in battle, fighting with the Commodore. He's. I really was, I suppose. An amazingly brave and courageous young man. And. And I think that his loss is one that reflects the realities of. Of what war is, which is not. Great and glorious and exciting. It's. Young men and and sometimes young women. Young non binary folks I imagine too. Dying when they had no quarrel with anyone, when they just wanted to live their lives and. Two years ago, a year and a half ago, even, he was just loving the people. He loved having fun being a kid. Riding his motorcycle, speaking to his girlfriend on his phone. Uh, living a happy life. And then. Someone who had power decided they wanted to have more power, and they decided that it didn't matter how many kids had to die so they could have what they want and. He decided to say no to that, and that's brave, and I think all of us would agree that what he did was right and morally courageous and that. That we would hope to be brave enough to do the same if the same thing happened to us. This one hit me quite hard, honestly, and I know this is my job and this happens. It's happened before and it will happen again, but. He was such a happy, polite, kind young man. He never didn't pick up the phone. He never got tired of explaining stuff that we didn't understand. And he. Always answered our questions. It was nothing that was off the table. There was nothing that he wouldn't talk about with us. He was completely open and. Yeah, we will miss him greatly. And he died fighting the thing. That we all have to fight right. Fascism, dictatorship, totalitarianism, militarization, and and. Yeah, we'll we'll grieve his loss. Both Robert and I, we've just spoken on the phone and we found out because the contact of mine on the ground sent me a Reddit message with a link to a Facebook post, and it's very clearly Zori no doubt about that. It names him. And unfortunately it also shows him dead, so we were not in any doubt that it was him who died. And we're not in any doubt that we will gravely miss him either. And we'd both hoped to go over and record with him, to speak with him, to meet him. I'd spoken to him several times on video, sometimes just to chat, not even to to record anything. Just just to chat. Just to catch up and. And and look at what each of us was doing that day. So it it's a hard loss for me and for Robert till as I said, we just spoken. So yeah, that's. The news that we hadn't hoped to end on. Obviously, though, this is the reality of war and as the world is looking at the conflict in Ukraine. Now, uh, I'd urge you to look at the conflict in Myanmar to another Russian bomb. Killed another nice kid who never had any quarrel with anyone, who just wanted to live his life and didn't want to live the rest of his life with a boot on his neck. And so he decided to stand up against it. And as you can probably hear my voice, I'm I'm quite upset by by his loss. And will be probably for a few days, so I'm sorry to have to end this podcast on such a sad note. I'm sorry. For his family, who are now caught between the loss of their son. And trying to protect their daughters. And I'm sorry for his girlfriend, who's dealing with shrapnel in our own leg. And now the loss of the person she loved. And I'm sorry for his comrades. And they've said they'll go on fighting, and I hope they do. And I don't think there's any point really pretending to be objective at this stage in the games and I hope they win. But I mostly just hope that like. One day young men and women and and everyone else just gets to live their lives without having to kill and die. Because ultimately. No one should have to and and no parent should have to bury their kids. And so, yeah, as much as we're all focusing on Ukraine and what's happening there is terrible, please don't forget there's always comrades, please don't forget his legacy. And. Please don't forget him. We won't. And we obviously wanna dedicate this podcast to him and what he stood for. So yeah. Thanks. He's sending a message. Anyone, anywhere in the world, I can get you and it will hurt. It was a plot straight out of James Bond in assassination, carried out with the world's most toxic chemical weapon. The victim was Kim Jong Nam. He was the first born son of North Korea's supreme leader. He should have been the successor. Instead, he'd be murdered in one of the most brazen and bizarre political plots of all time. Join us as we investigate the potential motives. Kim Jong-un actually had several reasons for wanting to. Assassinate his older brother. The family. Backstabbing. There's a lot of cloak and dagger stuff about Kim Jong Nam and the petty paranoia in North Korea when somebody challenges you that challenger must be eliminated behind the most audacious assassination of the 21st century. Listen to Big Brother on the iHeartRadio App, Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts. Have you ever felt depressed about work, only to have your dad be like why you're so down? So you told him. I hate your job. And he said, well, you better talk yourself out of it. And then you thought, hmm, I love to talk. I could host a podcast. And then you went to spreaker from iheart and started a podcast and got good at it, then monetized it, then quit your boring job and told your dad thanks for the advice. And he was like, well, that's not what I meant. And I don't understand what a podcast is, but you seem happy. So that's great, kiddo. You ever do that? Well, you could at spreaker.com, that's SPREAKER. Ask your dad. You actually don't if I could be you and you could be me. For just one hour, if you could find a way to get inside each other's mind. Walk a mile in my shoes. Walk a mile in my shoes. We've all felt left out, and for some, that feeling lasts more than a moment. We can change that, learn how it belonging begins with us.org, brought to you by the ad council. In my shoes. Oh, welcome to it could happen here. I'm Robert Evans, recording from a deeply unsettling Airbnb right near the border of Texas and Mexico. I'm here with my good friend James Stout. Say hello to the people. Hi everyone and we're going to talk about well let me let me introduce briefly you'll you'll see the episodes soon enough what we're down here reporting on. A mixture of of right wing militancy, uh, government militarization of the border and the attempts by people trapped in the middle to survive and avoid those authoritarian structures. So today James and I are going to talk about Molotov cocktails. But first, James, you want to talk about this Airbnb? We're in for a second because you booked this ************ deeply. Yeah. Yeah, yeah. So what happens when you have, like, less than 24 hours before you arrive and need a place for more than two people? Is uh, you really get into the depth of Airbnb and I've found this place which how to describe it? Yeah, yeah. Unsettling. Yeah. Yeah. It it. Just feels wrong. I can't put my finger quite on, but there is a basement, which definitely has like murder vibes and there's not basements in Texas normally. And it it's it's crumbling and unsettling. There's a sump pump that doesn't appear connected to anything. There's puddles of standing water. I think there's like 9 bedrooms in this house. Yeah, but only one like is upstairs. And it seems to have like like to be designed to command an arc of fire around the house. Then there are other bedrooms, which are like kind of in this stable block. What else is weird? Like three of the bedrooms are separate from the main house and a in a built in a way that it looks like a roadside motel. And then there's a main house that has like 4 living rooms for. We're sitting at a large kitchen table right now, which spins around a central axis for some inexplicable reason. We have the overwhelming feeling that something horribly wrong was done in this space, because it doesn't. Everything is a little off. None of the decorations look like people. This is some sort of trap house, but we cannot identify the kind. I think, Robert, you described it best when you said it's like one of those this person does not exist photos but of home, and you can't work out what's wrong, but it's not human and it's not right. So we just had to get that out of our systems because it's been deeply unsettling the last couple of days. We're here now, James, in 2020, you wrote an article about Molotov cocktails that got you in a bit of a fascinating. Situation. I want you just kind of walk me through what happened there and what the fallout was. Yeah, well, the one that started it was about how to tear down statues, and that was for Popular Mechanics. And in that article, I interviewed a couple of experts, and one of them explained how to make something called thermite thermites, like an exothermic reaction. You mix a couple of things, they get hot. They get hot enough to melt some metal. So if you were interested in bringing down a statue of a bigot, that might be helpful to you. By the way, it's legal and basically all of the. Less to possess thermite in. Pretty simple to make. Not that. You know you can Google it. You can figure that out yourself. Yeah, I'm not telling you how to make it. I'm telling you that it exists. It exists and is surprisingly legal. Yes, and if you need to Weld some **** underwater or join together some train tracks, it's the right tool for the job. Yeah, if you happen to be. I know a lot of the Russian army in Ukraine listens to this podcast. If you happen to be in the process of abandoning hundreds of millions of dollars in armor, thermite can allow you to stop Ukrainian farmers from towing it back to their homes. But don't do that. If you're a Russian soldier, just run. Go to the Ukrainians. I'll let you call your mom. They're nice and OK, so I write the story for Pop Mac, right? It's just a useful guide to people who are looking to safely dispose of a racist statue, right? And when I write it? I think their readership might lean pretty conservative, or they felt like that was a safe space. Anyway, it immediately became like the epicentre of the culture war for like a week, including triggering 1 Benjamin Shapiro, who then subtweeted me like a coward and asked when I'll be writing my story about Molotov cocktails. Which I subsequently wrote. So that gets us to the Molotov cocktail story. It was in Russia Today as well, now banned media outlet. You didn't write it? No, no, no. I wrote it for a British magazine called Huck. I described like hockers, like like vice, but less tragic. Like after Vice went bad, hug hug's cool. And so yeah, Ben. Ben was upset. Ben orchestrated this kind of right wing panic around the story. They cancelled pop mech. For a while. And I wrote a piece about the history and I guess, chemistry of motor and their role in democratization movements that was really fascinating to me. So, yeah, that's how we got to the Molotov story. And you want to give me kind of some cliffs notes on the history of the Molotov. And it's rolling because what I know about Molotov cocktails, I assume it's named after Molotov of the Molotov. Ribbentrop pact. Right. Vyacheslav Molotov. Yeah. And I know I have been near a couple of them going off. I nearly got lit on fire. I won and I watched a colleague get lit on fire by another, so I am aware of what they do. Umm, but yeah. Why don't you walk us through kind of the cliffs notes of the history of Molotov? Yeah, absolutely. So a lot of times you'll go on the Internet and you read something about history and it will turn out not to be right. And that that's often the case with Molotov cocktails. So yes, they're named after the Ethoslab Molotov, and we can get to why their name that way in a second, but they, their origin is actually with Franco's nationalist, fascist, national fascist, what you want to call them national Catholic troops in the Spanish Civil War? So early on in Spanish Civil war in 1937, Ish, UM, the Republic had some Soviet tanks and they were using these against the Fuente Debro. They were using these against the nationalists, and nationalists were throwing what they then called petrol bombs at the tanks to great effect. There's those old tanks had rubber on the wheels that turn the tracks and those would melt. And so that's when they were first used. And if you're not familiar with what a Molotov cocktail is, it's an improvised incendiary device. It's a glass thing filled with a flammable thing topped with some kind of cloth with a flame that the cloth is burning. And when you throw it, obviously the glass thing breaks, the flammable liquid comes out and the the flame catches a liquid and you have a fireball. So the first time we kind of see them is used in Spanish and war. We see references to them in like, British media in the 1930s when British reporters were going out to watch the Spanish Civil War and they were like, wow, what, what development? The technology. And so they're used there, but where they get their names in Finland, right when the Soviets invade Finland. Why they got their name is Molotov claimed that his planes were not dropping bombs. You'll see like a history of gaslighting in Russian foreign policy, Soviet foreign policy here. He claimed they weren't dropping bombs. He claimed that they were bringing aid to the people of Finland. Right. And people Finland was like, this is ridiculous. So they kind of started calling the bombs Molotov breadbaskets. And pretty soon everything that was **** was associated with Molotov. So like bombers were Molotov chickens, blackout curtains were Molotovs, curtains and so the they they switch many of their state alcohol factories to making Molotov cocktails. And so they started calling these these pet what work or petrol bombs Molotov cocktails. And that's how the name stuck. It is neat that Russia has such a long history of causing other nations to retool their domestic liquor production towards making. Bombs to throw at Russian soldiers and like how what are we not 80 odd years on from from 193637 at like, it's it's not always Russian tanks, but it's nearly always Russian tanks, right? Like Spain and the Russian tanks are obviously like in Republican Spain is is much preferable to Franco Finland, Hungary in 1956, right? And and today in Ukraine you see people throwing bottles of petrol. With flames on top of Russian tanks, yeah. They have a long history. Yeah. I mean, it's it's among other things, like, especially if you don't have easy access to firearms and and no access to explosives and stuff. Like, it's it's not a force equalizer, but it does allow you to to do certain things in militarily that that would be harder to do if you were like, trying to manufacture something a little bit more like, it's easier than making a grenade, right? Like, yeah, yeah. And it does much more damage than a rock. It's not much harder to come by for most people, right? And one really interesting thing I read about them was by this academic who I really like his work. It's called Ali Kadivar, and he's Iranian and he's looked at like democratization movements all over the world, right. So how do authoritarian regimes collapse? And his research suggested that, like peaceful, extreme, like extreme, like quote UN quote, peaceful protests tend not to work, and insurgencies hadn't had that high of a success rate. But his papers called sticks, stones and Molotov cocktails. And like his research suggests that like if you're prepared to do violence against property by hitting it with the stick, throwing stone, throwing a Molotov cocktail, then you are more likely to have success in toppling a regime. So like, because they're accessible to people who don't necessarily have guns or aren't doing insurgencies, they've had this really interesting role in arming non state actors or arming liberation movement throughout history. I mean that's really interesting because it would seem to suggest like a reading of that paper would seem to suggest that yeah, it's not so much like. Being willing to carry out like a militant movement, but being willing to destroy things is one of the primary signs that like, you have a chance of actually overthrowing an authoritarian regime is like your your ability to prepare to to do damage like of a financial nature. Like is that kind of the argument he's making? I think the argument he's making is that like, and it's an argument that can't be made enough, right. Damage to property is not the same as damage to people and and violence against property in in the name of liberation or justice is OK and tends to work. But yeah, you have to have some skin in the game. You have to be prepared to to **** some **** up if you if you want to bring down a regime which is prepared to use violence against you. So that's kind of talking about the use of these tools within liberatory struggles, but they're not, I guess they liberatory struggles. And they have the beholder that's talking about the use of these tools and kind of like street movements that are agitating for change. But we also have this military history, which I think is much more muddled in terms of its actual efficacy as a as a weapon, its ability to deny area, its ability to destroy or damage like enemy. Like combat ability. Do you, do you have any kind of sense of like how effective we're seeing all these people in Ukraine arming themselves with cocktails? Evidence of of, of, you know, the efficacy of these in combat is a lot murkier, at least within the present conflict. Do you have a sense of how historically they useful they tend to be for that? Yeah, I think depending on the age of the and then the type of the vehicle you're attacking. Right. So like these old Russian tanks, what they would do a lot was make something which is not quite what we would see as the Molotov cocktail. So I had a whole blanket. That was soaked in petrol and that would get caught up in the track and then it would destroy. There was a bit of rubber on on the wheels interfaced with the tracks, and it would melt, and that would immobilize the tank and then folks could swarm it from all angles. That was kind of the move there. And then I think they've been more useful in Ukraine than one might have expected because of the nature of some of the Russian military vehicles. They tend to carry their fuel on the outside. They also because of the mud they'll carry. It's a pieces of wood that they can use to put under their wheels like you would, you know, like sand ladders on a truck and so those tend to catch fire more easily. I know the BMP's also have fuel storage on the back door, which is is pretty optimal for if you want to walk up behind someone and set something on fire so that they've worked pretty well there in other places, yeah, they seem to be more of an annoyance. Like I know I've spoken to people who have been in the military in the in the UK and like big thing in Northern Ireland, right again, right. You have a sort of. A liberatory movement there. And so they were very popular, but they didn't seem to do much of that causes people distress, caused people's personal injury sometimes, but not particularly to they. They weren't game changing in terms of like the monopoly on violence there. But yeah, they seem to be very, very. I think they better when you have a ton of people throwing them. I think you have a lot of people setting things on fire that tends to be causes people to stop and I think with Russia being lacking in in excellent leadership. Seems like we could say in Ukraine and some of the soldiers may be lacking in training. And with the fact that they tend to carry fuel externally, so their vehicles catch fire, if you can just convince some conscripts that their vehicle is on fire, they are going to get out and run away. And we've seen that a lot, right, a lot of people running away. Yeah, I think when I think about like outside of military uses where I've seen Molotovs be most effective in like the time I've been covering conflict, the first thing that comes up is the Maidan revolution in Ukraine, late 2013, early 2014, where people were throwing in some of the same people throwing Molotovs at Russian troops. Now we're through a mix of throwing by hand and like catapult devices we're launching sometimes hundreds of Molotovs in a couple of minutes and like melting tank treads to the ground, which is definitely like, that's a that's obviously it was effective. It's also almost a different kind of weapon system when you're when you're dealing with that kind of volume. Yeah, grad, Molotov launcher, yeah, yeah. But then I can think about like, there's this really amazing video that you can find if you look of Greek anarchists on bicycles swarming past a Greek police station and throwing it looked like about a dozen Molotovs at once. And and just like sacking a police station that way and then biking right the **** *** and like disappearing into the city. Which is which, you know, seemed like a more effective tactic than some of the ways I've seen them used, where it's like a person throwing a Molotov and then the cops get really ******* angry, but it doesn't really do that much damage to them, and then people get or they hit the wrong person like it is. It is a tool with a high degree of chance for error. If you don't know what you're doing, yeah, there's a decent skill requirement. You also really don't want to have like anything flammable on your hands or shirt or anything like that. Like, I've seen people really end up badly after trying to make a Molotov. Just hurting themselves trying to light it or throw it or drop it. Yeah, it's it's not a it's not one of those things that, like, you wanna casually suggest people use, because the odds of actually injuring yourself with it are pretty high if you're not being careful and if you if you're going into a situation where you think people might have Molotovs, natural fibers, people, natural fibers, not synthetics, yeah, wool is your friend, welding gloves your friend. Like, yeah, you don't want to be caught on fire. So let's talk a little bit about how like what are the different kinds of constructions of Molotovs you've seen people using and how they changed over time? You talked a little bit about kind of the early Spanish ones were like full blankets and stuff. Yeah, I think one of the interests we go from Spain to to Finland, right, where we're seeing the same thing, basically petrol or maybe ethanol or something like that inside a bottle with with just a wig, right? Something sort of. I know in Spanish civil war they were using GR's a lot, like jam jars, but. When things started to develop, I think, is in the UK, so in Britain, and you actually have this guy called Tom Wintringham, who, who went to Spain as a war correspondent, decided to become a soldier and then returned to the UK and tried to share what he'd learned with British people. Right. In this article he wrote for picture post. And he was very much into Molotov cocktails. It's a great way of fighting an invasion, much like actually the old guy you heard. Did you hear the guy who called into NPR recently? Yes. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. He was outstanding. He just. Just turning NPR into our how to do guerrilla warfare. And So what they did, they made this thing called the number 76 grenade. And they made six million of them, I think. Jesus Christ. And they still find them. It's funny. They'll still find them in, like, when they'll be digging the foundation for a building, they'll be like, oh **** this is not a box of beer. And what those had was a strip of rubber that they dropped in it. It was in a bottle with a cap, and it had a phosphorus igniter, actually. So you didn't have to light it. You just tossed it. Yeah. And those were extremely effective. Rub it dissolves, and then that allows the flaming liquid to adhere better to the person or thing that is hit. Right. And you're almost like making a napalm bomb. Yes, exactly. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. And and the phosphorus will last for a long time. It's much less risky to the thrower. And you can also have a whole box of them and just keep throwing them, right. You have to light each one. You don't have to have someone else light each one. So those seem pretty effective. I don't know if they were ever really used in anger because obviously the. Nazis never landed in the UK, but yeah, that was that was a pretty big development and that kind of set the tone for the other developments which I've seen at least. I'm not like a Molotov expert, but people put sugar in them, people put polystyrene in them or what do you call that? What what does sugar in them do? I think it gives it a higher viscosity and I think they sort of it maybe melts when they and like sticks. And, like, it creates like a sticky kind of hot, like, like if you're making coffee, I would imagine the big thing I've seen people putting in them is various, like plastics, right. So when you look at the, you've seen these videos of old ladies in Ukraine with cheese graters just grating, like packing Styrofoam. And they put that in there and that that does the same thing, right? Creates a more viscous kind of napalm, which would here's to the thing that you throw at and that I think if you're talking about persuading someone that their tank is on fire if it keeps burning for 1020 seconds, you know you don't have a very long time to get out of a BMP. So you're going to start getting out, I would imagine. And that does point to like an interesting reality of like, not just this war, all war, but like specifically in the context of territorial kind of volunteers who are on paper terribly outgunned. But the psychological dimension is that, like you said, if you can convince people, they may be in an armored vehicle that has unquestioned supremacy. Over the partisans attacking them. But if you can convince them they are on fire, they will make decisions that lead them to no longer have the advantage in terms of firepower. It's not impossible to do. Yeah, I think you saw that. I think there was some footage from my down of them sort of ambushing some armoured vehicles. And, yeah, once you throw off a dozen Molotov cocktails from above at Windows, you can either get those people to abandon their vehicle and run away if that's their goal, if they get out there. A lot more vulnerable to further attacks from Molotov cocktails or anything else, right? So, yeah, I think it it really plays into that. Kind of guerrilla or sort of like, underdog side of of conflict. Yeah. One of the things that's interesting to them about me, I mean, we, you and I just finished this series that dealt heavily with, like, 3D printed weapons, homemade guns and stuff. But, you know, there's a lot that you, as the state can do to reduce people's access to firearms or even to reduce people's access to, like, knives that are bigger than kitchen knives. A lot you can do to reduce people's access to conventional arms. But everywhere he's got liquor. Yeah, exactly. It's almost impossible to stop people having them. Right. If you have gasoline, diesel, alcohol and glass things and fabric and and a lighter, you have access to these. So yeah, they're accessible to everyone and they are, yeah, incredibly effective. They're probably the most effective thing that you could make in your home if you were doing an insurgency or fighting Russian invaders in this case. Yeah. Well, James, was there anything else you wanted to get into on the subject of Molotov or other forms of cocktails? Yeah. Let me think I should probably say that it probably illegal to make them in the United States in your home. I mean there are specific ways you legally can, but you you need a number of different permits. Yeah. Yeah, you do have to ask the government. So I would probably wouldn't suggest to do. Yes, you have to. I probably wouldn't suggest doing that. But no, I think it's always interesting to look at these like if we want to move towards a world where there is less authority and more freedom than that. These things which take away the state monopoly on the ability to do violence should always be in, but not necessarily like things that we want, but like, it's interesting, right? Yeah, that that's one of the things that's fascinating to me. Obviously Ukraine is a a pretty standard government within the the global, or at least up until this point has been like they are. They are a state that has done a number of ugly things in its past and will do them in the future, but they're in this fascinating moment where the government has. Really set down any claim to a monopoly on force and a lot of fascinating ways, the kind of widespread here's how to make a Molotov, here's how to disable. And one of the things that's fascinating, the Ukrainian Government very famously sent around sheets, which are like, here is where to throw Molotovs to do the most damage. Different Russian vehicles, which are also Ukrainian vehicles. Yeah. And also those vehicles now belong to random farmers. Like I saw there was a thing with the Ukrainian equivalent of the IRS had said, like, don't worry, you don't need to declare this tank. On your income tax. Right. How does one tax a person who has a tank? Yeah. Or in the case of some of them has a $20 million anti aircraft system. Yeah. Who is the tax man who is willing to go and collect that like they have become ungovernable, right? Yeah. I mean it's we're they are in the thick of it and maybe for the rest of all of our lives, nobody knows how long this thing is going to last. But if if the war does end in any kind of reasonable time frame, the what's. Ukraine going back to, I don't know how they go back to being a normal state when they have, when they have opened the floodgates to everyone is the army now? Yeah. Well, I think it's yeah. It calls into question number things, right. Like that maybe you don't necessarily always need this very strict disciplinarian structure to fight very effectively. But also yeah that like do you need the state? Right. People are just doing their own thing right now. And I yeah I don't know how you really take that back. Like how do you go and collect the tanks? To people, they know how to kill tanks. That's what they've been doing. Yeah, the Ukrainian government. In the future, if we imagine a time of people peace, it'll be quite a while before there's any chance of, like, well, we'd better send in the riot troops to crack down on this protest. It's like, no, you're not going to get those riot troops to go anywhere near there. Yeah, like, yeah, like testing out this armed society is a polite society thesis, right? But yeah, I don't know how the police return to a country which is seemingly at least holding off, if not. Creating a military superpower, yeah. Yeah. It is a fascinating question. And and no one really has a clear answer, but I I do think it's interesting. Of course, they have embraced the Molotov, as you've kind of made the case here. That's it really has this history as this great kind of democratizing force within the conflicts between people and governments and governments and governments. Yeah. And and people in capital. Right. Like if you're prepared to destroy capital goods like people have done for centuries and that that seems to be the way to make change, right. It's kind of interesting. Thing to reflect on from our Myanmar podcast, I thought, was that they had very strict gun ownership laws before this. Very, very strict, apart from from one ethnic group called the Chin. But what they've promised to do afterwards, at least according to our sources, is is to allow people to keep and bear arms, right? Because I guess they kind of have to, right? Because a they can't stop them anymore. These people are 3D printing guns and B the only way they got freedom, or if this is if the if they're able to defeat the Tatmadaw, then the only way they've they've. Become free is through fighting for their freedom. And it it seems that they're not going to be willing to, to give that up, especially for the ethnic groups there. So yeah, it's really interesting to see like, what kind of a state emerges from a sort of a, what's thought the word like, like it's it's not an authoritarian structure, right. The militaries are not like a lot of people in Ukraine are not necessarily authoritarian structures. So what emerges for the state when we've had this horizontal resistance? Yeah, these are these are fascinating questions and ones that I think will all be continuing to ask. The answer for for the foreseeable future. For now. Do you have anything you want to plug before we roll out? James? No, you should listen to our podcast on Myanmar. You can follow me on Twitter, that's my name at James Stout. Have Patreon, I write some other things I teach at the Community College. If you want to take some history courses, we can learn about Molotovs, have a lecture about that, but otherwise, no, that's about all. Well, that's going to do it for us here. Until next time, don't make a Molotov if it's illegal where you live. But but. Do you think about Molotov? Because as the last couple of weeks have shown us, you could by next week be living in a state where it's very legal to make Molotov cocktails that could happen to any of us. You never know, you know, you never know. So, you know, do some reading online, use a use a VPN to do that reading. Yeah. Well, browser, if you're going to be Googling how to make Molotov do some very careful reading and, you know, keep an eye on the world. Hey, we'll be back Monday with more episodes every week from now until the heat death of the universe. It could happen here as a production of cool zone media. For more podcasts and cool Zone Media, visit our website coolzonemedia.com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio App, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts you can find sources for. It could happen here, updated monthly at coolzonemedia.com/sources. Thanks for listening. Hey there, I'm Jess malady. Confetti here. Hi, I'm psyche and I'm hey shady lady and welcome to Boss Level podcast where we feature conversations with gas tube leveled up, bringing an XP boost to the table. We pick the brains of professionals, creators and bosses and industries across the globe to help our listeners achieve their own boss level. 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