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Yeah, should we do it? Just dive in. Yeah, let's do it. Welcome to this special episode of Acquired, the podcast about great technology companies and the stories and playbooks behind them. I'm Ben Gilbert and I'm the co-founder and managing director of Seattle based Pioneer Square Labs and our venture fund PSL Ventures. And I'm David Rosenthal and I am an angel investor based in San Francisco. And we are your hosts. All right, David. On our last episode, we covered the history of Ethereum, what it is, and of course we speculated on its future. But a big outstanding point at the end of the episode was with all this excitement around DeFi and NFTs and decentralized apps and I mean, this decentralized world computer has gotten really slow and really expensive. It's really slow. Yeah. Yes, it is. Sure, the Ethereum community has plans for how they're going to fix this. So listeners, as many of you heard, there are other credible blockchains out there to build applications on top of. I was trying to do some DeFi stuff the other day. No joke and like gas fees were 50, 60 bucks. It was crazy. Brutal. That's like close to an all time high. It's wild. Well, one credible alternative blockchain that David and I have been particularly interested in is Solana. So on today's episode, we are joined by Anatoli Yakovenko, the founder and CEO of Solana Labs. Solana Labs is the company that spearheads the development of the Solana blockchain. And just to set some context, they recently raised $314 million led by Andreessen Horowitz and Polychain Capital. Yes, that is pie, $100 million. And they have a market cap of all their coins right now, right around $10 billion. That's so fun and so crazy. A couple of years ago, if you were going to say like make a joke, oh, we're raising $5 million, you would raise like $3.14 million. And maybe $31.4 million. Wow, just the scale of all this is incredible. Yeah, that's wild. Well, if you are new here, you should join us in the acquired Slack. And if you like this episode, you will love the community discussing crypto in our digital assets channel. You can join at acquire.fm slash Slack. And thank you to listener and community member Austin Fedra, not only for setting up that channel and curating that community and keeping it awesome, but for his work at Solana and introducing us to and a totally to make this episode happen. So thanks so much to Austin. Huge shout out. Well, we have a very fun announcement for you, our first sponsor of the episode. We are stoked about all the sponsors this season of acquired. And we are kicking off with a serious bang, the presenting sponsor of these special episodes of acquired is soft bank. And we are joined to kick things off on this episode with the managing directors of the soft bank Latin America fund, Paulo and shoe themselves. Paulo and shoe, welcome to acquired. We're so excited to have you here. Most folks out there who are listening to the show have heard of soft bank, but I don't think people really understand what you are doing transforming Latin America. So Paulo, can you tell us about that? Now, of course, Ben, first of all, we're huge fans of the show. We listen to every single episode. It's a great pleasure to be here. We came to Latin America because there was a complete lack of capital for growth, equity and venture capital. When we came in, people called us crazy to invest five billion in the region. They thought there was impossible to find good opportunities. But the first move was an easy one. And now, of course, fast forward two years, the rest of the globe has discovered Latin America. And now it's less of a secret. It is easy to think of it as a tangent for soft bank, but actually it's very consistent. Massa from the earliest days in the 80s was big themes. And the themes were both technological and geographic. So first it was software and mobile and internet. But then very quickly it was China. And China produced Alibaba, which was an incredible investment. And then it was India for a while. It's just Latin America was never proximate enough to Japan, to anyone who worked at soft bank for us to care. So it was a real blind spot. And we're lucky. We saw it two and a half years ago. Otherwise we'd be scrambling with everyone else trying to notice it now. Wow. Well, with all the changes in the ecosystem over the last, even just two years, with so many new players coming in, new investors, how have you seen it evolve? And how do you work with new folks who are interested in the ecosystem? First of all, we're super collaborative. We love working with other people. We think what's best for entrepreneurs to have different ideas, different people, different networks, contributing to their success. We always have a mantra here, whatever is best for entrepreneurs, it should be working for us long term. And we're super long term oriented. What has changed in the region since we entered entrepreneurs now can dream big. We have two companies like Jim Paz and VTex that have gone global. And I'd add to that by saying, just like there's been a dearth of capital and in general, a dearth of talent, there's been a dearth of really high quality global board members. So part of what we like about these other investors is they sit around the table with us and they make the company better. So it's really not zero sum. The rounds have gotten faster. The prices have gotten higher. But we like having these other smart people around the table because we think it helps make bigger companies, which is what we're all about. Well, I know that you are joining us here on the show to find like-minded individuals, be it co-investors, be it entrepreneurs, who should get in touch with you and how can they get in touch with you? We're on the show because we just like you guys. We geek out over business models and always try to find content that does the same in communities who go as deep as we want to go. So we love the four or five, ten-part Brookshire Hathaway breakdown. Like that is catnip for us. So really that's why we're here is because rigor and quality, we aspire to that ourselves. And if people want to get in touch with us, I'm on Twitter, Sanyata, on Twitter. I'm on LinkedIn. So best way to contact me through LinkedIn and feel free to reach out for ideas, sharing investments. If you want to land your company, Latin America, if you're excited about working Latin America let us know. So anything goes just reach out. Well great, listeners, if you want to get in touch with either Palo or Shu, we've put links in the show notes. They also have the domain LatinAmericaFun.com. You can go learn more about the journey that they've been on deploying $5 billion into the region there. And our thanks to the Softbank Latin America Fund for sponsoring this episode. Well, listeners, as you know, this is not investment advice. We may hold, I think we even will talk about on the interview with Anatoli that we do hold Solana. And yeah, you should make your own independent research decisions before buying anything, whether it's a cryptocurrency or a stock or anything like that. And the show is for entertainment and informational purposes only. Now onto our conversation with Anatoli, Yakuwanko, the founder and CEO of Solana. Okay, welcome, Anatoli. We are so excited to have you here with us for so many reasons. We've been following Solana for a little bit now, thanks mostly to Austin Federer in the acquired community founder of the Digital Assets channel in the acquired Slack, which is a wonderful and vibrant community in its own right that's developing. And Austin, of course, works with you guys at Solana now. You had some huge news last week where you raised $100 million from entries in Horowitz and Polychain Capital, which we definitely want to get the story behind that. And I'm excited to tell your whole story here to the acquired community. Awesome, yeah, great to be here. Before we get into what Solana is, why it exists, what problem is it solving, why there's a need for other layer one sort of base layer protocols out there in crypto besides Ethereum, maybe to start this round is obviously enormous lots of demand you guys are doing wonderfully well. You said that your path is not quite like a lot of other crypto projects who raised tons and tons of money out of the gate. Maybe can you rewind and tell us a little bit about how you ended up sort of shipping first and what it was like when you first tried to raise capital and why you decided to take this path? Well, I wish there was like active decisions versus just trying to survive. The project was started at the end of 2017, sort of 2018. And that was really like that right peak of that last boom cycle, but the crash that followed was really fast and brutal. And this is right when we were trying to raise and at that time, like the funds that were committed to us, like blew up in front of our eyes and like, sorry guys, we can't. We can't fund this. Wow. With these dedicated crypto funds. Yeah. And nothing to like, you know, like not to blame the people involved or anything like that. It was just such a volatile time in the crypto industry. The things went from like extremely promising, like everything's going to be magic in crypto and in the span of a year to, oh my god. The world is falling apart. So yeah, we were born out of that fire. And we had enough funds to get a ridiculously amazing team together. I was able to pull a lot of like kind of principal engineer level folks, senior directors at a Qualcomm that were just itching to go build the next big thing. The true builders there that were like super experienced and it worked with me for a decade, like all jump ship. That was really surprising to me too. They're like, as soon as I asked her, like, yeah, where do I sign up? We were like, Eric Yuan building zoom out of WebEx. Yeah, exactly. Yeah. That was that was really awesome and a huge kind of like a huge confidence boost in the design of what we're doing. What was right because there was a huge amount of technical risk, right? I came up with this idea of previstry. Nobody else was working on it. There were a few academics defining verifiable delay functions, but it was really like out there. Everybody else in the industry was going a totally different direction. So that made it hard for us to get a lot of commitments to from investors who were much more readily eager to invest in somebody with like huge pedigree out of a MIT or whatever, like an Ivy League. And then it's totally I want to put a pin as we dive deeper down the crypto rabbit hole here. We have a lot of sort of non crypto native audience of sort of startup native audience. So I want to highlight you just use the term proof of history. We're going to put a pin in that and come back to it later because it's one of the things that makes so on a special. But I'm going to do the work of highlighting a, hey, I'm going to force you to define that here at some point because a lot of us are very new to this. Yeah, totally. So we got the team together and we had like decent runway like I think around two years. And we thought, oh, this is going to be done in a year. This is easy. We'll just ship it. It actually took a little longer, like two and a half years to do it and cost more. We had to hire more folks than we expected. And we did a couple of raises after that. But we're always less a little bit starving under two years, under 18 months of runway, at any given time, bear market, trying to ship the thing as fast as we could so we could get to the next stage, which is let's get users. Let's build the use case. They're always dreaming of let's actually get to the adoption stage. Yeah, it feels like when you were first starting, it sounds like you're in this window, right, where like the crypto native investors, either their funds blew up or they just were focused on other technical paradigms. And then the non-crypto native investors were probably like this stuff is radioactive. We're not touching crypto at all right now, right? For the most part, except for the few amazing folks like foundation, like slow ventures, like multi-coin that actually backed us and stuck with us through every raise. And we also, in that process, discovered this amazing community of validators, like the people actually that running the notes that are crypto agies that have been doing mining, involved in cosmos and every other network. And it became clear like in a span of a year that like every round, these guys always came in first without asking any questions. They're like, yeah, let's do this. You guys need more funding. Let's do this. And that was just awesome because they were validators on the Ethereum network and seeing the problems there. It's just folks that are like super deep in the space at a technical level. And a lot of them would just run every network, every cool piece of tech that that anybody would try to ship. They're just kind of true believers. And we found that community to be immensely supportive and really kind of like helping us out financially and really being our first customers. These are the first folks that we shipped software to that ran it. They saw how the sausage is made. They failed. They dealt with every failure. And so that was really amazing to having built that part. That's cool. Okay. Maybe so now with this kind of level set and also the level set just so our listeners get a sense as we're talking the total market cap of the Solana Pro calls about $10 billion. So that you have come a long way from those days. Bill, let's rewind. How did you get into crypto and blockchains? I get the sense that you weren't 2009, 2010 running your own nodes to believe it from back then or maybe I'm wrong. I mean, I heard of Bitcoin right around that time during the 2008 crash. Definitely what kind of opened me up to it. And I minded a little bit on the CPU lost those keys. I thought about like like everyone. Yeah. What if I like wrote a GPU minor? Somebody shipped that like as I was thinking about it. And I was like, well, maybe I can do FPGA. It's that came out like a month later. And then I remember this was my first true crypto experience. There's a company that was building ASICs like CPU dedicated ASICs like dedicated semiconductor users, they designed solely for crypto mining. And I wanted to buy some, but they built them and delayed the actual shipping them to customers for six months so they could mine with them first. Wow. Talk about front running your customers. It was beautiful example of what crypto is, which is it's totally wild west, peer to peer system where anything goes like true to its internet core. And you have to like understand that, but who is on the other side of this conversation on the internet, right? Like if you can't verify their keys, right? If it's not software that you can verify, then you can't assume or trust anything. So and I told you, you were at Qualcomm though, right through all this, which is going to become very important here in a minute. Yeah. What were you working on there? At that time, 2008 shoot, I was still working on a brew, which is the, the same thing as flip phone operating system that ran like, you know, that was the first mobile app store. And I fear a programmer. This was written in C with C++ compatible virtual tables that we wrote out by hand. So you literally like typed, I built the sophisticated macro language to generate these. It like really made me an engineer like that period of like working on these like, dinky 16 bit arm chips with like barely any memory. Like you have to like really think about every optimization, everything that you're doing as, as like close to the hardware as you could. That's great. You teed up exactly the question that I want to ask when you called out scalability. And so in a pre-Solano world, what are the problems? Why is it that all the existing energy and heat, and I'm using those metaphorically in this sense, an attention with the existing systems, you know, Bitcoin, Ethereum, a lot of the altcoins that were being developed in the mid 2010s. Like what are the real problems at the technical level? Yeah, well, let's zoom in on scalability and cost. Yeah. So systems based on proof of work have this wonderful property that when you receive all of the data, you can verify its thermodynamic security from its starting point to its final point. And you can do so in this black box without talking to anyone else. And the subjective, objectively measurable kind of security is something that is really unique to proof of work. And that's what gives Bitcoin its kind of claim on store value. You know, it's still not proven yet, but that's really the strong argument there. It can you have store value. You need some objective way to measure this. If you think about gold, I can literally verify that this is the gold element and then measure how much of it exists and then compute that I have X amount of it out of the known universe. So these systems depend on this property that I can get the entire data set and verify it from scratch. And if you put that limit on it, it means that the underlying chain just can't grow that quickly. It has to be somewhat limited in terms of the amount of data that gets put into the system. And it's aggressively maybe a double that size every two years, but people are very cautious about that because they're now sitting in a $1 trillion asset. And they're afraid that if we do increase the throughput of Bitcoin or something like that or the gas capacity of Ethereum, that it's going to grow so quickly that it will become unusable from that perspective and lose its kind of magic power. Magic being the like really hardcore verifiability of all of the energy that it took to create the blockchain so far. Yeah, not just the energy, but also that the energy went into something that is consistent from its root point from day zero that there was no invalid state transitions and nobody monkey with the amount of ether Bitcoin in existence. So that piece of it I think is really interesting. It's like a meme. It's a phenomenon, a religion, right? These are like what you're talking about for folks who aren't as deep in the crypto community. These are like religious concepts. Yeah. Yeah. So proof of stake is something that Vitalik kind of started publishing about like pretty early on I think almost at the right after Ethereum super early on, right? So this is not a new concept, but the idea with proof of stake is that instead of using a thermodynamic energy, you have a bunch of keys that represent some value in the native token itself. And based on that weighting of those keys, you can then verify the consistency of the chain. But because that token is monopoly money, right? It's virtually manufactured inside this computer, right? It's not real. It doesn't have the thermodynamic weight to it. So it's something that you have to establish this first trust. I have to find it's first root of trust. Kind of like my browser has verisign as it's root of trust and then everything's derived from that. And that first establishing a trust is this hard problem of me asking the world, hey, am I talking to the right network? Am I in the right network? And that first thing is not strongly objective. It's weakly subjective. And once you kind of bite that like apple of weak subjectivity, you might as well go all the way and start farming the orchard. Exactly. So a lot of our design is like, to me, this was obvious. Okay, verisign root is certificate. This is how the internet is built. Trust and first use is a standard security model. You verify once then once you establish the session, it just continues running. If you go all in, then you can just start optimizing this thing to the limit. And this is kind of our philosophy is that like break away from all of these like chains of proof of work, this idea that you need this like full objective verification and just kind of go all in, make the fastest possible communications network. And then what we're thinking about isn't so much about like store value or global money. It's more do we have the most censorship resistant messaging network, this way of passing information throughout the world that guarantees that any two parties connecting to this network will always receive their messages that can always synchronize, they can always have fair access that nobody can get ahead of them. And that's more of a financial system. It's more a marketplace. It's literally what like NASDAQ provides you when you like jump through all the hoops and get your machines set up in the same room, server room as NASDAQ runs their markets. They literally give you a Ethernet cable. It's exactly the same length as ever and also. So your information gets to the markets at the same speed as ever and else. That censorship resistance. So we kind of like bought into this idea and this is probably because Qualcomm is a communication company. I always kind of think of these like old scum terms of radio, Shannon Hartley, Theorem, like how do we, like this is just information passing between default, right? I was going to say it's the same thing when you know I dial Ben on my on my cell phone and like I'm pretty sure I'm going to get connected to Ben. No matter how many people are around me. Right. Exactly. Right. Now it is time for the second sponsor of this episode. Who is it going to be? Very, very special one. Not only is this company a close friend of the show, but the entire team has actually been a past guest on the LP show. That is right. Modern Treasury, the Worldwide Leader in payment operations. Just like ESPN, Worldwide Leader in Sports, Worldwide Leader in payment operations. I think we met these founders at a acquired live show. Is that right? Yes. That was my first time meeting Dimitri, I think, down in at the WeWork in San Francisco before our Andrew Cortino live show. The one right across the street from benchmarks San Francisco office, who would then of course go on to lead there. Series A. It was fate. It was all because of the live show. Dimitri is probably yelling at us right now. So who is Modern Treasury? for customers like Gusto, pipe, class pass, Marquetta and others who manage complex payment flows, Modern Treasury automates the full cycle of money movement. From payments to approvals to reports to reconcilations with Modern Treasury, you can manage all of that via software and give your overworked finance teams a rest. Modern Treasury's robust APIs allow engineering to build payment flows right into the product while finance can monitor and approve everything through a sleek and modern web dashboard. They're one of the hottest young FinTech startups on the market today. They've raised $50 million from top firms like benchmark as we mentioned and of course altimeter capital and Y-combinator. If your company manages complex payment flows, seriously go check them out. If they're FinTech, if the company might be like real estate tech, at any time you have like money flowing from one place to another and you need to account for that in multiple places, they're all on different schedules. It's actually kind of amazing that companies do this without Modern Treasury. The engineers are building something custom to account for it that doesn't talk to the thing that the accounting and finance people have to actually recognize the revenue and it's amazing that this happens at all without Modern Treasury to tie it all together. Totally. Because the only thing that the Modern Treasury team is even close to as nerdy about as payment operations is acquired itself, they have generously made the LP reverse interview that we did with them in February available to everyone. So you can go click the link in the show notes or head over to their website to find that. And if you are interested in payment operations for your company, go to ModernTraderary.com, find out about the great work they do and tell them Ben and David from acquired sent you. And, it's really, can I ask you to define a couple terms? I've heard these terms settlement layer and execution layer. Can you go into that concept a little bit and explain where Solomite could fit in? Yes. So settlement, I can't name you a single company in the world of the settlement. They were briefly in a spotlight during this game stock expiring. But basically, this is what is the final state of the trade is when they look at the list of who owns what and they change the values around. And this is what Bitcoin does, right? I send you Bitcoin on that later, everyone in the world considers that settled. It's slow, it's official, it's like the very bottom layer. Exactly. But it needs to be extremely secure. And that security in the traditional world has been commoditized to the level that the company that does it, there's only one of them and they make some small percentage of like the things that they settle. But all the fun stuff, derivatives options, spot markets, futures, perpetuals, whatever or sophisticated financial thing that you can imagine, that runs at an exchange which does execution and clearing. Some of them do clearing, but just think of it as like one layer, not to make it to complicate it. And this is where we're talking about physics limits, a speed of light and Shannon Hartley theorem of how much information can we observe in the world, compress it into a price for a particular asset and then throw that price into a market and have that be information that's been propagated to the rest of the world, like and then like work in this feedback loop. And those limits are like, there's the radical speed of light limits on how fast this thing could do, like how big of a marketplace can be built for the entire world. And that's in itself a really interesting hard problem that has nothing to do with settlement. Right. Right. So would it be accurate to say that like Ethereum is sort of supposed to be or could be this interesting execution layer, but actually it's really slow because it's still proof of work based. Exactly. So Ethereum is like Bitcoin is fully like, we don't want anything to do with anything that that even potentially touches the store of value thermodynamic energy security. We want to be the simplest thing that's easy to verify, easy for an engineer like in college to build a client for that's cool, right? Like that's the simplest form of money, maybe that that's really what they're going for. Ethereum is trying to be in the middle where you can do some about at least in the current version in the ETH one. You have proof of work. You have an execution environment, which is secure, but slow and you can do like kind of sophisticated contracts, constant function market makers, those constraints on Ethereum have driven a ton of innovation. Like AMMs just didn't exist until Ethereum really popularized them. What's an AMM? Automatic market maker. See you in a swap. Yeah. It's a beautiful piece of math that allows people to passively create markets with capital in like a passive way with just a single cryptographic signature, all of a sudden there's a market that anybody can trade with. It's literally the New York Stock Exchange in code. Yeah, and in like a hundred lines of code. It's amazing. But that has its own inefficiencies because it's not maximizing the amount of information that the world is synchronizing on. Yeah, first, that's a scale. The whole Ethereum network, the global Ethereum network is limited to what 65 transactions a second, is that right? There's something like that. So it depends on the gas limits and how complex the operations are. Some measurements goes low as 11, some goes high as 65. From what last numbers, eight checks, the Uniswab does about 100,000 to 200,000 transactions per day. So right there, that's a huge portion of the capacity of the whole Ethereum network. And serum, which is a central limit order book style exchange that runs on Solana, same kind of design as NASDAQ, that does 20 million transactions per day. But for much smaller amount of capital and volume. So if you think about users, there's way more users than Uniswab. There's more capital than Uniswab. It's much more transaction efficient. But the synchronization of information on the central limit order book exchange on Solana is just much tighter, much more message heavy. And I would consider it's closer to real prices. It's much closer to the real market. Yeah, so this is a great transition to tell us what is Solana and how does it actually solve these problems. Maybe just to anchor it, one more time, give us the transaction limit that exists today for Ethereum, for Bitcoin, because these are astonishingly low numbers. Because this thing is in the public consciousness, everyone assumes that there must be tons of transactions. Like, it is incredibly limited in the way that these networks work today until something like Solana. So what's cool is that seven transactions per second is what the Bitcoin theoretical limit is. It's actually quite a lot. Humans don't do that much stuff per day. If everybody was using it for payments, it would kind of fall over. But if we're talking about global settlement layer for this like, worlds reserve their money, it's actually pretty good, right? Yep. There's a heck of a lot more than seven credit card swipes globally per second, but in terms of settlement layer, yeah. What we're talking about is like almost like the wire level. When you send like an international wire, how many of those per second occur, Bitcoin could probably handle that. And maybe that's fine. Ethereum is trying to do something more sophisticated where you have tokens, you have governance, you have these communities and they need to trade and move money between them. A lot of this activity occurs on centralized exchanges. People deposit their tokens there, they trade at a high frequency, and then they move them back to Ethereum. But also a bunch of it occurs in Uniswap and these automatic markets. And that's really like the cornerstone of DeFi is that trading bit on Uniswap. My understanding of what Ethereum is today, depending on gas costs is somewhere around 11 to maybe 20 transactions per second. And I think when we were seeing fees over 40 bucks transaction, Ethereum was doing 1.6 million transactions per day. Now that fees have dropped to under a dollar per transaction, I think today it's under a dollar and it's doing about 1.2 million transactions per day. So we're talking, it's like same order of magnitude as Bitcoin. Way more complex transactions because there's smart contracts that are executing and there's just a lot more interesting use cases of this decentralized computer, but still relatively the same speed as Bitcoin. I would say that it's twice as much. That's enough to do a ton of really cool stuff. That's enough for governance, for a bunch of communities to form. So like the growth that you're seeing in Ethereum is real, right? There's real people using the network just for what it was designed for and that's really cool. But it really needs this like change from either eth one to a shard at system or eth one to a bunch of roll ups or layer twos or whoever you want to design that to really take on like a billion users. That's just not going to happen there. And what we set out to build with Solana was I think we just never thought of Solana as replacing digital gold, sovereign money or anything like that. The story of value necessarily. It was, how do we build a business and fall tolerant system that can synchronize information globally as fast as it can? And this is really kind of thinking of these systems in a very old school way like a morbid analogy is you have a bunch of sensors detecting a nuclear strike. How do you make sure that they act correctly as you need a high degree of independent verifiable sensors that is necessary to corrupt for the system to go wrong? Biology described this as the Nakamoto coefficient. So it's the minimum set of independent participants that if they all colluded would break the network. So, right, like I have my I have my sensor rate to detect a nuclear strike. How do I know that it's working? I need to maximize that minimum set that would collude against me. And to do that to really scale that to a very large number, 20,000, 30,000, you need to make a system that just handles a lot of messages per second. Does a lot more cryptography per second uses a lot more bandwidth requires more hardware. And I honestly thought that everyone else is going to do the same thing as to me. This was the obvious. And I'm like, that's the hardest, that's the hardest problem. We got to solve that. If we don't solve that, everything else is BS. Yeah. So how do you solve that? And just because we're storytellers here and acquired, like how does that stem out of the things that were known to be true at Qualcomm? It seems like it sort of comes out of the TDMA philosophy. There's this if you remember physics. I mean, this literally, like these problems went back to like Cold War. How do we detect these clear strike reliably? Yeah. And building the first radio towers, if you have two radio towers that go up and they transmit over at the same time or the same frequency, those electromagnetic waves interfere and you get noise. So the first optimization that anyone's ever tried is, why don't we give each tower a very synchronized clock and have them alternate? So you have a bunch of towers. If all the clocks are very well synchronized, that they never overrun each other and they can all transmit information and you get this information pass us through. And this problem exists in Bitcoin and Proof of Work because these systems have these agents called block producers. And Proof of Work is this puzzle that you solve to be allowed to produce a block. Once you've proven that you found the puzzle for this particular challenge, you can construct a block that's signed along with this proof of this puzzle and you transmit that and Nakamoto consensus encourages everyone else to build on top of your chain, like on top of your block. But if there's two blocks that occur at the same time, there's now two forks because the participants don't know which block to build on next, right? They now have two options. And in the classic Bitcoin world, it would be like, well, which one's longer? I'll go with that one, right? But if two blocks are produced at the same time, then both are longer, both are exactly the same block, right? Both of exactly the same weight and that's the noisy state. So somebody else has to pick one, right? The next block producer basically picks one at random or the one with the best fees or something like that. And that noisy state is a delay in the network that requires resolution. Any problem as radio. So I had two coffees in a beer and I was up to 4 a.m. and I had this like kind of, you wreak a moment that puzzle similar to proof of work using the same shots of 56 pre-image resistant hash function instead of running it in this like massively parallel uses much electricity as you can to find this answer as quickly as you can. You actually make that thing slow and recursive and force it to be running in a single core on a single thread on the computer. You can force it to prove that it's taking certain amount of time that there's a force delay before you do an action. So I knew that I had this like arrow of time. So then you can start timing and assigning time blocks to transactions. And this was like, I don't know, I was manic for like a week because you were at Dropbox at the time, right? Yeah, this idea was like this high level idea of like there is a way to construct an arrow of time. And it was so cool to me because there is no mathematical version of arrow of time. There's nothing they guarantee is times of forwards or backwards and Einstein's equations, right? And digital systems are math systems. So this is like a way that ties is cryptography even possible in this universe, right? Like this is an open question or will all cryptographic systems be broken? If they are possible, right? If there's some proof that if we can get to a point where we can prove that cryptography is guaranteed to be secure, then we can construct an arrow of time, right? There's a way to move like things forward. And it was so cool to me that it's possible today with these very simple digital systems to do that. And so can I maybe try and pair it back my understanding in a very simplified way here? And you can tell me if I'm right. You sort of turned this method of propagating the true correct ledger around all the other nodes from a like real time game to a turn based game where nobody by being able to, you know, in the gaming world hit keys faster or in the blockchain world, throw more cores at it and more energy at it. That's not going to gain you an advantage. You have one set sort of turn on this single threaded single core thing that you're constrained to to accomplish your thing. Yeah, I would take it one step further. It went from like even a turn based game to a scheduled game that you have a certain amount of time to take your turn. And if you don't take it, it's passed to somebody else. You're on the clock. It's like checks. Exactly. That difference between going from turn based to this scheduled system is why Solana is faster than Tendermint or all the other proof of stake networks is that those classical BFT systems, they are like bent takes a turn to speak and everybody else checks it. Ben speak. Did he not? And then David gets a turn to speak after those checks go through in the schedule system. We literally just had like a button that passed between all the windows in our zoom. And if I don't speak during that moment, I can't speak. We need zoom to ship that feature. Yeah, exactly. I see. So Solana effectively preschedules all the moments where I get my turn to speak. Exactly. And that reduces all this overhead of synchronization and every step and every block. And that is more of a real time system where like it's like voice. This is how voice works in like cellular networks. This is how most radio networks are kind of the base layer of radio networks is this TDMA. Oh, that's so cool. So is it then that the proof of history is tied to that, right? Yeah. And like that later more complex realization of how to tie this high level idea of an era of time to this TDMA construct like that's a month to develop and like working with the folks we hired at Qualcomm that that's really one that's a crew. But initially I was like, holy shit, I have a mathematical era of time. I know that that's good enough for something. So this is amazing. Okay. So with this, what's the three putt of the Solana network today? So we benchmarked this at about 50,000 TPS with like peaks over 65. Wow. So that's a per that's like what visa is basically. Yeah. There's a lot of caveats there because benchmarking is like I worked at a hardware company. Benchmarking is a game. So you can think of it as when TSMC claims three nanometer process, that's the smallest unit that they can make. So when we benchmark, you flood the system with as many non overlapping easy paralyzed transactions as you can. And you can kind of see, okay, under these ideal conditions that we can in theory get this much throughput through when something like serum runs, it's a central limit order book. Each one of those markets right now, I think is implemented is like a one megabyte buffer. So each order requires this one megabyte read one megabyte right. Those are more complicated transactions that require kind of like more work in the system. But they're still parallelizable. And it's not that like there's limits there that can't exceed 65,000 TPS. It's just if we start hitting those limits, then we go optimize and then we see what the hardware limits are and the like, this is where benchmarking is hard because you know, you're dealing with like problems in software that if somebody actually needs them solving, it's like three to four weeks of work to do it versus like everything's optimized to the theoretical limit of the hardware itself. And if you backtrack from the hardware specs, like if you actually start like, like we did a Qualcomm, we look at a chip, we're like, okay, this is what this DSP can do. That means we can support 64 frames per second at 4K resolution to do post processing. You start like that's the limit and then you're right to software until the client is happy. But you can tell them the best we can do is 4K video at 64 frames per second. And maybe you ship at V0 24 frames and they're like, that's good enough, right? Don't work on something else for now. If you start at the hardware level itself, one gigabit networks is really the bottleneck is like the bandwidth. You need one gigabit of input and output per validator on this global network. And that can in theory support 700,000 transactions per second. So does that mean that this network requires pretty great internet connections in order to piece a lot of base versus operating a Bitcoin node? Exactly. And that's because this is maximizing the amount of information that anybody can synchronize on over as many parallel kind of like bits as we can. So if all of these events are parallelizable, right, if it these are like different markets, right? There's 700,000 different markets. They all want to do one event per second. We can schedule all of them, right? That's kind of how you can think about it. And like that capacity is all over a single giant kind of like table of state that you can execute over. And as bandwidth gets cheaper and as hardware gets better, you know, like AMD doubles in a record, Nvidia doubles in a burge GPU like lanes per GPU, PCI buses go from like PCA 4, it's like one terabyte to two terabyte in the next version or whatever. That means that we can then ingress like inject more data at these data centers with like bandwidth at right now goes to 20 gigabit and process it and then synchronize it around the world. So at the kind of the base hardware layer, if you're just looking at the hardware specs, I think you can do tens of millions of actions per second. But this is going to be kind of blood sweat in tears to get the software to get to use all of those. But I mean, that's like that's just such an order of magnitude higher than the current state of the Ethereum network. I mean, you can imagine why if you're building you just swap now or the next to you swap or the next whatever we should talk about what all this enables, there's just kind of no question where you're going to run most of your transactions. And it seems like so you mentioned 700,000 is sort of this like theoretical high water market this point transactions per second. Like if you wanted to be visa, you want to be a credit card network like a super high traffic high frequency, what's their processing limit per second? So their capacity, I think they've published that they measured it up to 60,000, but probably they handle around like 5,000 at most per second, like a steady state. So all of Twitter is 5,000 messages per second. Wow. Humans are just really bad at doing like anything interesting. NASDAQ does maybe two, three hundred trades per second. Now there's 30 times more orders per trade and there's 30 times more cancels per order because bots are just flooding the system with like no change to state. That's this is really about machines. This is not about humans. Exactly. So where Solana is already from a throughput perspective past the point where it could ever like you would never need anything more out of a network of humans pretty much doing anything in the world. But the interesting part is here like if we're building a financial system, the value creators right in this thing are like the machines that synthesize the world's information, they look at all the arbitrary data and then pick a price for a particular asset and throw that information, right? That's value creation. That's a machine that's doing that as fast as it can. And we need that thing to be at the same network as the other value creators that are building products that humans want, right? They actually onboard humans. Just value creations really hard to get humans to do anything. So if there's no intermediaries between those two, that's like the perfect financial system, right? That means that we've kind of like eliminated all of this gunk. There's nobody taking 30 bips and every different like every time some paper changes hands, everybody takes a little bit off the top. Like that's that's really what the stuff is all about. Like how do we eliminate all of that? And it's pervasive to the point that what I consider like a totally unfair market is Google and Facebook where I go to a website, they steal my data, right? And feed me information I don't want and charge.2 cents to somebody that's right trying to advertise to me. But 60% of what they're getting paid for is fraud, right? Like click fraud. Yeah. Like F that, like F all of that. Oh, Amen. One of the, I just think super cool use cases that I know people are building on slona. Obviously there's tons of defy stuff, but audience, which is a decentralized Spotify and managing streams on this lawn of blockchain. Would either talk about that or maybe other other projects that you're seeing out there that are just like, this is super cool stuff that could not exist. Yeah. So, audience I think is also one of my favorites. And a lot of that comes from Reniel himself. Like he's just an awesome founder. You guys should totally talk to him. What I love about it is that it is trying to like get away from traditional web to business models of let's steal your data, shove you like stuff you don't want, undercharge our artists. It's really like here's a platform to connect artists to fans directly, like without any intermediaries. And the metadata that it's collecting, the plays, the fan relationships between users and their artists. It's all done in the open and on a decentralized platform. So it doesn't need to have this web to model at all. Like it can just kind of run off of its token. And this stuff is really hard to imagine like what's going to take off. What's actually going to replace web to? It's hard to imagine that, but music has always been like at the forefront of new tech. And I'm excited to see them having like ridiculous traction, 4 million users like using the stuff with like traction within a small. This is obvious. Yeah, there are 4 million people using audios. It's amazing. And this is just like a single kind of like niche of like EDM artists. That's like who they went after. They had like all the best people kind of jump in this and love them from the start because music is like such a financially predatory environment for artists. Right. I mean rewind like every generation of the internet music has kind of led the way. Like there's Napster, right? No Napster, no Skype, no crypto. Like you know, it's all a lineage back to, you know, it's the ultimate peer to peer file sharing. But I think a lot of that comes from the fact that like the music industry itself is like predatory on like every financial part of like the ecosystem from the artists to the fans. Like it's just really trying to squeeze everybody and ringing them out. So what's the value proposition here? I always wanted to just keep playing this. I was voice in the back of my head all the time. It's like cool. You made the same thing, but you put it on the blockchain. And in the old world, it's like, well, it's worse because it's slower and it takes more energy. And it's a lot of world. You're like, okay, now at least it's as fast as a centralized world and doesn't use up a bunch of energy. But what's the reason that it's like better to be a decentralized version of Spotify than Spotify? So it's peer to peer, right? Like that's kind of the cool thing about it. You're not really using audios, you are directly connecting to like boys noise or dead mouse. And it's their private key cryptography that's signing those assets and audios. It's your private key cryptography that's connecting to them directly. It's a direct line. So they know how many streams they're getting from whom and they're getting paid directly. Exactly. Yeah, it's this fascinating concept where in the abstract, if you were to tell me about the internet in 1985, I would believe that the natural way the internet would end up would be decentralized. Like wow, it's this thing where anyone can connect to anyone else and anybody can start a business and anybody can put up their own website and offer their own HTML. And it's this sort of surprising thing that happened that it led to centralization where 1985 would be shocked that there are five big companies. Like how what? That's not what the technology does. And it's quite remarkable that with this next evolution moving from web 2 to web 3 of the blockchain that like now we actually do have a chance for 1985 me to be like, oh yeah, okay, that actually makes sense on how I would have guessed it ended up. And this is why we don't even care about this like sovereign money narrative, right? Like if you think about like what we're solving for audios, it's this piece of artists for the cryptographic key, a bunch of fans with cryptographic key. And we're guaranteeing that they can talk to each other. We're guaranteeing that we just describe that anybody can self publish to whatever the hell they want that there's no interference there. That's it, right? Like the token itself is just there to prevent spam and that's super connected world. So Salada doesn't have a dog in this fight of, you know, should some country adopt their currency or change what fiat money is being used? I think like thinking it from like a information system only kind of, I think it's actually more interesting to think of it. If we had a super connected world, you know, that's equivalent to like, if we all had like neutrino based lasers, that could not be like interfered with that we could all talk to each other at any moment, that's kind of a science fiction thing that we're building, right? In itself. It's like I'm reading the city and the stars by Arthur C. Clark right now and that's literally like the, that is the city. Like, let's do that. That's a cool enough thought, like full enough thought experiment that if that exists and it's a truly super connected world, what's possible in that world? Like that to me is like an interesting question and many more ways, more interesting to me than what is store value, what is gold, what is money. Right. Well, in a toy, so in that vein, I mean, there is a cryptocurrency called Soul. You know, people can buy it all over the place. I think on FTX is where I've bought it in the past. Like, how does that factor into this? Like, how does that work in the network that you've created? Yeah. So going back to that like more of an example of nuclear strike, what we're really trying to do is guarantee that there isn't any central authority that can issue who are these like set of nodes that can guard the network. And if we were the root certificate and we like issued a thousand nodes and we could issue more at any time, then that effectively makes us the point of failure, right? That censorship resistance is not good enough for prevent nuclear strikes, right? So if you like, think of it from my, I don't know, I trust you very much. So to eliminate this like central certificate route, you limit the number of certificates that could be issued, issue all of them and let them decide who owns what, which is effectively like what the stocking represents is a way in the network in terms of how much you have, how much power to censor you have. And maximizing that minimum set of nodes that can censor the network, you kind of need this thing to be freely transferable and freely reassignable. So it's just naturally how it evolves, right? If we were actually to try to keep some form of control over it, but we did a good job with everything else, then the network could decide to remove us from control at any point anyways. So it's sort of like the people who have the most soul or they're sort of like, so you distributed all this soul among a group of people. And that group is sort of like the vericine of this network in a distributed way and people sort of vote radically on whether something is valid or not. Right. And the goal is to grow that set as large as possible, right? And like make that minimum set that at up to 33% as large as possible. And that's our religion. Like if we're talking about store of value or something like as being the Bitcoin religion, the religion in like our little community is maximized censorship resistance. You got to like, that's the number one focus everybody's working on. And that's how this is proof of stake based when we talked about proof of work. It's like proof of work in the Bitcoin senses. How much thermodynamic energy did you use up in the past? Everyone collectively to prove that this thing is real proof of stake if I'm understanding correctly is more like, well, you've got a bunch of soul. And so you and all the other people who have the most of it have the most authority in deciding this, basically certifying the or verifying that this is the person you think it is. Correct. Cool. So that to be as large as possible again, thinking from this like nuclear strike detection. Centers kept resisting. Yeah. All right. Now it is time for our final sponsor of this episode. Fund arise. So listeners of the show don't know this yet. But there is actually another thing that Ben and I collaborate on besides acquired, which is a massive Excel spreadsheet that we each use to manage our personal investment portfolios. And one thing that we've been wanting to add for a while, but haven't been able to until now is real estate, especially given how exposed we both obviously are to tech real estate and in particular non Bay Area and non Seattle real estate, always seem like great diversification with still having high upside return potential. But as we looked into it, buying investment properties ourselves, obviously that requires a huge amount of capital, not to mention time, effort, risk, getting mortgages, managing tenants, etc. So we're busy here at acquired. We could always buy reats, but then you're giving away, you know, the best properties and bleeding away returns to middlemen. So enter fund rise. Fund rise is one of the only platforms that lets anyone, not just accredited investors, by fractional ownership and custom portfolios of private real estate assets. The same way that LPs like university endowments and the like to it was started back in 2012. And then fast forward to today, they have over 150,000 investors and over $5 billion worth of real estate on the platform. Investors can track all the individual properties in their portfolios, including data like occupancy reports, construction progress and market data trends. It's truly the best of both worlds with load minimum diversification, all the ease of use of a reat, but the granular control and the low overhead you get from buying and managing properties yourself. You can learn more and sign up at fundrise.com or click the link in the show notes. Okay, so this is a good transition to the last big topic we wanted to cover with you guys. All this is awesome. The innovation, the technology, just the like, just makes me smile thinking of like technology and liberal arts. You're marrying different concepts from different fields, bringing them together here. None of that matters if you don't get adoption of the network, right? You can have the most beautiful thing, but you got to have people using this. How did you, especially because you started in the crypto winter, how did you get, I don't know, anything. How did you start getting people involved in this? So, the validators were really like the first group of customers or users. They're just super positive people. They just want to play around with cool tech. This idea of maximizing censorship resistance, it's just cool. I kind of think it's cool. Let's go try it, right? How cool it would be if it works. So, we kind of got like a really good community of builders that were willing to do whatever we asked them to do, which is like call up a data center, go install the machine there. Like this is not just like running systems at home. You actually need to like understand what you're doing. And that process really taught us that it's not about like reducing friction for users or devs. It's about giving them something that they don't have like anywhere else, like giving them like something so interesting and so cool that they're willing to do the hard work to build and like deploy. And the use case that we thought would be really interesting was what if we like ran NASDAQ on this thing, like this thing that's your runs like price-time queue, central limit order book. And through the winter, a lot of people were telling us that Dex's are dead that we shouldn't be bothered. Wow. And you're getting decentralized exchange. Yeah. But I fundamentally believe that if the system is possible, if we can be a world's price discovery engine, then that's like the Google will be the world's information library, like kind of style of like dream. Like that's like the world changing thing that we need to build for it. And you guys never had any ambition to build a Dex yourself, right? Or did you? Yeah, we would have done it on our own, we had plans to do so. But then right after we launched, so we briefly talked to FTX like nine months before we launched. And we were like, hey, what if you guys, you guys are cool, you're building cool products up and coming exchange? What if we like did options or something like something interesting on chain? And they're like, is it live? Or like if we think in about six months, like, okay, just do weeks, yeah. And they're like just just got good, we don't have time for this, right? We got to ship stuff like tomorrow. So six months later, we actually go live and we built this little demo called break, like break.celana.com where you smash your keys and you see transactions fire off and then you see them all clear, like on the screen, like you see them all confirmed. And these are smart contracts and so actions you can go look at the code. And I demoed this to Sam and he was like, okay, everyone else needs to see this engineer saw. Sam's the founder of FTX. Yeah. They like showed this to their like engineering folks and they've been thinking about this from like a trader's point of view. If you can actually have a system that was fast enough to do full style, central and mid-order books, the stuff that they know, there's a chance that decentralized finance could potentially get 50% of the world's finance. Maybe 25 doesn't matter. It's big enough for them to like, holy shit, this is like a big opportunity. Just to make a meta point here and I think I'm understanding this right, you could basically say, hey, you want to run a quant fund on the regular stock market? Well, use our blockchain based software that can execute super fast and go trade regular securities. You don't need to trade blockchain assets. Yeah, you could trade anything because this is an open network. The tokens can represent whatever the settlement layer tells the chain that it's representing could be stocks, could be something like dollars like out of USDC. But it's more of the idea that if you have this open permissionless platform that is fast enough for this use case, will like things just kind of naturally roll downhill and end up there anyways. It's yeah, right. Kind of like separating the pragmatism from the idealism where like most of the people who actually bought Teslas early bought it because it was a status symbol and like a really sexy car and they said I'm saving the world. And so like this actually could be the best fast software to use for a high frequency system that we're describing that may or may not trade blockchain based assets. So you pick it because it's the best system. Oh, but also I have this idealistic view of this decentralized world and that's the way it should be. And like is the decentralized world the natural endpoint because it's easier, right? It's cheaper. It's faster. It's fall tolerant. You have stronger guarantees. Like if all those things are true, right? It like then will things just naturally gravitate there? Like in as soon as the thing exists, I mean, if you don't have to pay visa 5% of every transaction like, you know what? If you don't have to pay, you know, Nasdaq, I think earns like 10 billion a year. Where does that money come from? Yeah. This comes from the people. I want to rewind back. You talked about the validators. I think this is an important point for building a crypto at least a protocol that I hadn't quite thought about. It's kind of like supply and demand. You needed the supply before the demand before you could go get an audience or you could go build a Nasdaq. You actually needed the network of validators that we're going to run this, right? Yeah. And we started with like just 40 of these dedicated people that were just there through our first launch at crash in 20 minutes. The second launch at crash in two hours. Like over and over. They just came back. And I get what you're saying about them just being like, they're there because like this is cool. Yeah. But they were true believers, right? And like some of those folks were so early and like we had bug bounties that they were finding these really hard to find critical bugs that they're now founding their own security firms because of these like early investment in like digging through our code, understanding like where we made a mistake and demonstrating it and like that commitment really created a ton of value for everyone, for everyone involved. It was just awesome to have these folks early on working with us. That's amazing. All right. So I had a totally after all this, it sounds to me like so on is just going to work. It's going to take up the world. Like it's going to be this super high frequency, perfectly optimized blockchain for exactly what is doing. When I sort of turn my head and see the sort of elephant in the room of Ethereum sort of coming up with E2, which is not necessarily the tightest defined at this point, but there's going to be a system based on sharding and moving from purely proof of work to proof of mistake, like how do you think about Ethereum and Solana? Does it coexist in the same world? Does it one or the other? Are they doing things right and they doing things wrong? So what I remember from open source world like 90s, I was like a Linux geek. I built Linux from scratch and Microsoft was trying to kill Linux. And you just can't kill it. You can't kill an open source community. We can kill Ethereum just as easily as Ethereum can kill us, meaning it's impossible. Like if you have people that are willing to work on something over the weekend at their own time, just because they think it's fun, there's no killing that. It's just code that people want to write because they love to do that. But we're competing because there's overlapping features at any given moment, there's certain number of users. And that competition I think is awesome because we do something while people look at it and in my application running a Ethereum adopted and proven it in vice versa. And we're going to see this kind of bouncing back and forth between any of these healthy communities that are growing that are like doing the iteration cycle product market fit. And it's not just like, I think the kernel engineers like honestly, we're all friends. We all like, hey, go out, we go to conferences, we end up like all at the same bar drinking beers, talking about like, you know, consensus or whatever. It's like Windows and Linux kernel engineers hang out because it's just interesting problems, right? But the ecosystems, I think, have this like, I think healthy flow of competition that I think is necessary for the entire space, the crypto space to onboard the next billion users. Like this world right now that we live in is just so small. How many people do you think self-custody keys? Do you guys self-custody keys? Sure. I know I should. You guys are in the crypto industry at large, but you don't self-custody keys. Yep. So not your keys, not your coins. You can't directly connect to an artist and audience without your own self-custody, right? You're not in the center connected world. You're still in the swept to world where you're going through intermediary. Yep. What percentage of people who think they own cryptocurrency self-custody? I don't know. I think my upper estimate for self-custody is maybe 30 million, but that's like a very generous estimate. 30 million people. Yeah. So defi-summer with 30,000,000 people participating in these like flash communities that would form overnight. Imagine that was 30, 40 million people. That was rapidly coming together around an idea and like pulling resources together around an idea just like in an hour and a day, like around the world with no friction. That's the power of cryptography. Like that peer-to-peer part of us with keys all connecting is just kind of mind blowing how important that is. The layer one tech is like I think we're just kind of arguing about Intel versus AMD or like X86 versus MIPS. These are details that are important to us as engineers, but like that end to end user like super-connected world is just so wild. It's so cool. Yeah. Well, it's interesting to think about what you were saying a minute ago about you guys and Ethereum, you know, going out to a bar and having drinks and talking about technical problems. Without you guys, I wonder, do you think maybe you can't answer this, but like Ethereum didn't really have any, I mean, there are other competitors for sure. Let's not say you guys all of the various Ethereum killers out there. If they didn't exist, Ethereum would just be like dumb fat and happy, right? Like you need this motivation to like push things forward, right? Maybe. I can't imagine a world where people wouldn't look at it and decide I want to build something different because the design space for these systems is just so interesting and so big that like as an engineer, it's like operating systems, right? You look at one, you're like, well, I want to make a bunch of different choices and do something different. Like let's see what happens. Like there's like an urge to try it. Well, give me your pitch. So I am an application developer. I'm coming with some heavy weight. Maybe I've got money behind me or a great team behind me and I'm saying, geez, if I write code that's compatible with Solana, it's not compatible with eth2 and vice versa. Why should I write it on Solana instead of eth2? Because we guarantee this super connected world for one billion users without shards, without intermediate areas. This is where it's going to happen first. Like we're the, this is what we're building for. We don't care about anything else except connecting this billion people together. So you can go deal with shards, layer 2s, all this other stuff if you want or if your vision is bigger than x86 intel, right? If you're building software and you don't care about the hardware, like you actually care about the user experience, like we're the place to do that. There's also an element right now too. Like if you want to do this, you're the only place you can do it, right? Like none of these other eth2s in live yet. It's a theoretical concept. We also, like I think if you talk to any of the folks that worked with us, Raj and I are, like at the end of the day, it's like about the people. Like, I don't know what it is about Renille that just be instantly connected. I don't know what it is about Sam that there was this like instant trust. Like we're in the together. We'll just go do whatever it takes to make this work. There's like people like that in the world that like if you're like one of those and you talk to us and you're like, I have this massive vision. I don't know how I'm going to do it. Like we will just boil the ocean, we'll eat glass to make it happen for you. Without like actually thinking about like any of the details are not as important to us. Like right now, like the commercial parts of it, like none of that is as important as like actually building something cool. Yeah. I love it. Love it. All right. Well, to cap it all off, this is so exciting. Everything that's already happening, even just the audience itself is one example of like this live happening today. What do you think the Salana ecosystem looks like in two, three, five years? I think well, the ecosystem, I think like, you know, we have this dream of this being competitive with like something as big as like Google, like Android. There's 5,000 engineers working in Android. 5,000 engineers cost a billion dollars per year. We can't possibly raise that much to compete with them. It's just just straight like this environment, baby. There's no way, right? Like so we actually have to have folks come into the space, build awesome products, love the tech, go like start being those one of those 5,000 engineers on their own, and like build a community that's more grassroots than the stop down like Google style centralized system. There's just no other option. So like if we succeed, it's like this amazing set of engineers that are just working and building really cool shit and amazing set of validators that are building really cool hardware to make the stuff run as fast as possible. Like and that's kind of the dream of it, you know, that there isn't this one single central authority that's telling anybody what to do. Love it. Great. It's about to end on. Thank you for joining us. Where can people find you on the internet? Salon.com is where you can find all the information and like Salona's Twitter handle, like follow it on Twitter and follow me if you want to hear me talk about consensus and censorship resistance or Raj, if you want to, you know, he's far more active on Twitter about like ecosystem and like cool shit, this big belt. Are you guys on a bit clout yet? No, no, we're not. There's a cool project called Wombo that is like creator tokens that are part of the, like in like attached to any like social network that folks are building on the hackathon. If you want to do some work and you're not an engineer, go look through the hackathon submissions and then tweet at us and like what is good? Because the hardest one of the hardest parts in like the spaces actually synthesizing information, right? You're massive brain, the most advanced piece of technology in the universe. Go look at all this information and all these other teams that are building stuff and tell us what's good, what you like, what's actually high quality. That takes a ton of work. Amazing. Alright, we'll put links in the show notes. Awesome. Anatoli, thank you so much. Thank you. Alright, listeners, we'll see you next time.